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Okan (Cylicodiscus gabunensis)
Family: Leguminosae Common names: Adada, Adadua, Adoum, Adum, African greenheart, Aja-igi, Anyan, Bokoka, Boueman, Bouemon, Denya, Djom, Doum, Edoum, Edum, Ekam, Emang, Eyee, Imbeli-deli, Inbeli-deli, Kendum, Lisan, Mbeli-deli, Mobonran, Muduma, Nkassa, Ode owese, Odekowese, Odenya, Okain, Okan, Olisan, Olosan, Osung, Owese, Usi, Uzhi Distributed in: Benin, Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo (Africa) Distribution overview: Common in the rain forests of Sierra Leone to the Cameroons and Gabon. Common uses: Agricultural implements, Boat building (general), Boat building: decking, Boat building: framing, Bridge construction, Carvings, Charcoal, Crossties, Decks, Dockwork, Factory flooring, Flooring, Flooring: commercial heavy traffic, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Fuelwood, Furniture, Heavy construction, Joinery, Ladders, Light construction, Marine construction, Millwork, Mine timbers, Piling, Poles, Posts, Railroad ties, Sporting Goods, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Wharf construction Product sources: Exporting countries are reported to include Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, and the Cameroons. Environment profile: Secure within its range Tree size: Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm
Colors: the heart isYellow, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodPink/Red , White to yellow.The grain isWavy, the textureMedium to coarseand the lusterPronounced
Natural durability: Susceptible to insect attack, Very durable Odor: May have a slightly disagreeable smell when green
Seasoned wood has no discernible odor or taste
LightInduced Color Change: Darker
Kiln Schedules: UK=B US=T2C2/T2C1 Fr=2 Kiln Drying Rate: Very slow (>28 days for boards < 32 mm, to >84 days for boards >= 63 mm) Drying Defects: Severe surface checking, Slight surface checking Ease of Drying: Slowly Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good Strength properties are mid-way between those of European beech (Fagus ) and Greenheart (Ocotea ) Blunting Effect: High to severe Boring: Fair results Cutting Resistance: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw Gluing: Very good properties Mortising: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Moulding: Interlocked grain produces distinct ribbon figure Movement in Service: Interlocked grain produces distinct ribbon figure Nailing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy, Pre-boring recommended Planing: Planes well, to a good finish Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is resistant Response to hand tools: Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work Routing recessing: Routing yields good results
Sanding: Very Good to Excellent Results Steam bending: Poor
Buckling and fiber rupturing are very common
Screwing: Difficult to screw, Possible if prebored; Turning: Good results
Polishing: Satisfactory; Staining: Poor;
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high 0 Bending strength (MOR) = high 0 Hardness (side grain) = very hard 0 Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high 0 Max. crushing strength = high 0 Density (dry weight) = 61-67 lbs/cu. ft 0 Max. crushing strength = very high 0 Shearing strength (paralell to grain) = very high Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu.ft. Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shrinkage, Volumetric = fairly large Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Radial = large Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Bending strength (MOR) = very high Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Volumetric = large Shrinkage, Radial = small Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Density (dry weight) = 67-75 lbs/cu. ft. Work to Maximum Load = low Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Radial = very small Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very high Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Hardness (side grain) = medium Hardness (side grain) = hard Density (dry weight) = 75+ lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = medium Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45Banks, C.H. and J.P. Schoeman. 1963. Railway Sleeper and Crossing Timbers. Bulletin No. 41, Republic of South Africa. The Government Printer, Pretoria, South Africa.Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48Banks, C.H.,1954,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with Particular Reference to those,grown in the Union of South Africa,Journal of the South African Forestry Association,No. 24 pp.44-65,[South,African Forestry Journal]Bentum, A.L.K.,1970,Properties of Ghanaian Timbers - Denya (Okan,F.P.R.I. Ghana Technical Newsletter, 4(4,pp21-2Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1955,Okan (Adoum) - Cylicodiscus gabonensis,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,No.43,pp11-14Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building ResearchBolza, E.,1976,Timber and Health,Div. Building Res. C.S.I.R.O. AustraliaBond, C.W.,1950,Colonial Timbers,Sir Issac Pitman & Sons Ltd. LondonBoone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Dalziel, J.M.,1937,The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa,Crown Agents for the ColoniesErfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry DepartmentFarmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOForests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research EstablishmentFortin, Y., Poliquin, J.,1976,Natural Durability and Preservation of 100 Tropical African Woods,International Development Research Centre, CanadaGhana - Timber Marketing Board,1969,Ghana Hardwoods,Timber Marketing BoardHedin, L.,1930,Etude sur la Foret et les Bois du Cameroun,Haut-Commissaire de la CamerounHMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.Hughes, J.F.,1971,The Principal Timber Trees of Cameroon,Unpublished dataIrvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. LondonJay, B.A.,1968,Timbers of West Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesKeay, R.W.J.1989. Trees of Nigeria.Revised Version of Nigerian Trees. Clarendon Press, Oxford.Keay, R.W.J.,1964,Nigerian Trees Vol.2,Nigeria Federal Department of Forest Research, IbadanKennedy, J.D.,1936,Forest Flora of Southern Nigeria,Government Printer LagosKinloch, D., Miller, W.A.,1949,Gold Coast Timbers,Govt. Printer Gold CoastKloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12Kribbs, D.A. 1959. Commercial Foreign Woods on the American Market. Buckhout Lab., Dept. of Botany, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.Kribs, D.A.,1950,Commercial and Foreign Woods on the American Market (a manual to their,structure, identification, uses and distribution,U.S.A. Penn. State College, Tropical Woods LaboratoryKryn, J.M., Forbes, E.W.,1959,The Woods of Liberia,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture,Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Report No. 2159Lavers, G.M. 1967. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50 (Spersedes Bulletin No. 45). Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)Nairn, P.M., Editor. 1936. Wood Specimens - 100 Reproductions in Color -A Series of Selected Timbers Reproduced in Natural Color with Introduction and Annotations by H.A. Cox. The Nema Press, Proprietors of Wood, London.Organisation for European Economic Co-operation,1951,African Tropical Timber (Nomenclature, Description,OEECRendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. LondonSallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.TSallenave, P.,1971,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Deuxieme,Supplement,C.T.F.T.Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1956,Survey of Africa Woods 2,Tropical Woods 16(106) pp65-97Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1956,Survey of African woods 1,Tropical Woods,115(105,pp 13-38Taylor, C.J.,1960,Synecology and Silviculture in Ghana,University College of Ghana Thomas Nelson and SonsTimber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.Timber Development Association,1948,Some New Timbers and Their Uses No. 34,Timber Development Association Limited, London [TRADA]U.A.C.O. Timber Review,1971,Some Straight forward information about a very strong and very durable,wood,U.A.C.O. Timber Review,20,pp12-3Unwin, A.H.,1920,West African Forests and Forestry,T. Fisher Unwin Ltd. London |
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