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White fir
White fir (Abies grandis)

Family: Pinaceae

Common names: Epicea, Fir, Giant fir, Grand fir, Larch, Lowland fir, Lowland white fir, Menzies fir, Oregon fir, Sapin, Silver fir, Western balsam fir, Western fir, Western white fir, White fir, Yellow fir

Distributed in: Canada, United States (North America)

Distribution overview: In the U.S. and Canada, Grand Fir is native to the Northern Rocky Mountain region from southeast British Columbia south to western Montana and central Idaho, northeast from southwest British Columbia and western Washington to northwest California. It can be generally found in coniferous forests, preferring mountain slopes in cool, humid climates and valleys. This species of fir is also grown in Great Britain.

Common uses: Beams, Boxes and crates, Building construction, Cabin construction, Casks, Concrete formwork, Construction, Cooperages, Decks, Decorative plywood, Dressed boards, Factory construction, Flooring, Form work, Foundation posts, Framing, Heavy construction, Joinery, Joists, Light construction, Lumber, Packing cases, Plywood, Porch columns, Pulp/Paper products, Pulpwood, Rough boards/dimension stock, Rough construction

Product sources: Strength properties of White fir are similar to those of Pacific silver fir (A. amabilis), and is also marketed with Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla).

Environment profile: Rare in parts of its natural range (population is at risk)

Tree size: Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm

Colors: the heart isYellow, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodWhite, Yellow.The grain isWeak figure, the textureMedium to coarse

Natural durability: Susceptible to insect attack, Very low natural resistance to attack by decay fungi and wood destroying organisms

Odor: No specific smell or taste

Kiln Schedules: UK=L US=T14C6S/T12C5S -

Kiln Drying Rate: Naturally dries at a moderate speed

Drying Defects: Uneven moisture content, Wetwood

Ease of Drying: Slowly

Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is unknown

Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good

Blunting Effect: Little

Boring: Good results

Cutting Resistance: Easy to saw

Gluing: Very Good to Excellent Results

Mortising: Very Good to Excellent

Moulding: Very Good to Excellent

Movement in Service: Very Good to Excellent

Nailing: Poor to Very Poor , Very Good to Excellent

Planing: Very Good to Excellent

Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is permeable

Response to hand tools: Easy to machine

Routing recessing: Very Good to Excellent Results

Veneering qualities: Veneers easily, Veneers moderately easy

Screwing: Very Good to Excellent Results, Very good screw holding qualities; Turning: Very Good to Excellent Results

Painting: Very Good to Excellent; Polishing: Very Good to Excellent; Staining: Very Good to Excellent; Varnishing: Very Good to Excellent;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity 0,28 0,25
Density 368 kg/m3
Bending Strength 390 603 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 18 34 kg/cm2
Hardness 184 kg
Impact Strength 55 63 cm
Shearing Strength 63 kg/cm2
Stiffness 86 104 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage 7 %
Radial Shrinkage 2 %
Weight 384 368 kg/m3
Maximum Load 0,35 0,49 cm-kg/cm3
Toughness 137 cm-kg
Static Bending kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 5558 8581 psi
Crushing Strength 265 490 psi
Density 23 lbs/ft3
Hardness 407 lbs
Impact Strength 22 25 inches
Maximum Crushing Strength 2924 5117 psi
Shearing Strength 900 psi
Stiffness 1231 1490 1000 psi
Toughness 119 inch-lbs
Work to Maximum Load 5 7 inch-lbs/in3
Specific Gravity 0.28 0.25
Weight 24 23 lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage 2 %
Tangential Shrinkage 7 %
Volumetric Shrinkage 11 %

Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. 0
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low
Hardness (side grain) = very soft
Bending strength (MOR) = low
Work to Maximum Load = very low
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low
Max. crushing strength = medium
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low
Max. crushing strength = low
Density (dry weight) = 15-22 lbs/cu. ft.
Toughness (total work) = very low
Bending strength (MOR) = very low
Toughness (total work) = low
Surfaces may dent or scratch easily
Soft
Shrinkage, Tangential = small
Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate
Shrinkage, Radial = very small
Shrinkage, Radial = small
Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low
Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft.
Crushing strength = low
Bending strength (MOR) = medium

Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Hardwoods -Temperate and Tropical. USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Brown, H.P. and Panshin, A.J.,1940,Commercial Timbers of the United States Their structure, identification,,properties and uses,McGraw-Hill, LondonBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World: - No.7 North America,TRADABrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 6 Europe,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesCanadian Forestry Service. 1981.Canadian Woods - Their Properties and Uses. Third Edition. E.J. Mullins and T.S. McKnight, Editors. Published by University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. LondonDallimore, W. and Jackson, A. Bruce,1966,A Handbook of Coniferae and Ginkgoaceae Fourth Ed. Revised by S.G.,Harrison,Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. LondonDescriptive Sata SourceForest Products Research Laboratory U.K.,1957,A Handbook of Softwoods,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products ResearchForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1969,The Movement of Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Technical Note,No.38Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingLavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)Little, E.L.1980.The Audobon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Western Region.Published by Alfred A. Knopf, New York.MacDonald, J., R.F. Wood, M.V. Edwards and J.R. Aldhous, Editors. 1957. Exotic Forest Trees in Great Britain. Forestry Commission Bulletin No. 30.Paper Prepared for the Seventh British Commonwealth Forestry Conference, Australia and New Zealand. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.Markwardt, L.J., Wilson, T.R.C.,1935,Strength and related properties of woods grown in the United States,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin,No.479Mullins, E.J. and McKnight, T.S.,1981,Canadian Woods Their Properties and Uses,University of Toronto Press 3rd EditionPanshin, A.J. and C. deZeeuw. Textbook of Wood Technology. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressRecord, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University PressRedding, L.W.,1971,Resistance of Timbers to Impregnation with Creosote,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Bulletin No.54 pp.43Stone, H.,1924,The Timbers of Commerce and their Identification,William Rider & Sons Ltd. LondonT.D.A.,1942,Timber Leaflet No.71 Silver Fir,TRADA Timber LeafletT.R.A.D.A.,1942,Home-grown timber trees - their characteristics, cultivation and Uses,TRADATitmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionU.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook:Wood as an Engineering Material. Agriculture Handbook No. 72. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin.USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operators Manual, Preliminary Copy. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Western Wood Products Association.19__.Softwoods of the Western USA.Published and Distributed by the Western Wood Products Association, Yeon Building, 522 S.W. Fifth Avenue, Portland, Oregon.Wood, A.D.,1963,Plywoods of the World: Their Development, Manufacture and,Application,Johnston & Bacon Ltd. Edinburgh & London
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