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AbweAbwe
Abwe (Daniella thurifera)

Family: Leguminosae

Common names: Abwe, African balsam, African copaiba, Agba, Ahgara, Auwolo, Balsam tree, Bito, Bitoke, Bobe, Bolengu, Bu, Bumbo, Bungbo, Bungo, Chahar, Chihar, Copaivi balsam, Copal tree, Danchi, Daniellia, Dnahi, Dsati, Dunchi, Ehyedua, Engya, Eyele, Fara, Faro, Frakuan, Frankincense tree, Gbese, Gbessi, Igi-iya, Ila evin, Ilorin, Ilorin balsam, Incenso, Iya, Kadaura, Kaharlahi, Karallahi, Kinya, Kpeje, Kuan'ga, Kunyan, Kunyang, Kwanga, Linge, Lipiti, Lonlaviol, Maje, Masa, N'dola, N'su, Nenyao, Niger copal tree, Nsou, Nyuo, Ogea, Ojia, Osanya, Osanyan, Osia, Oulenyi, Owagie, Ozaba, Ozabwa, Ozia, Oziya, Oziya ato, Pau incense, Pau incenso, Pau-insenso, Rungulo, Sa, Sambam, Sameim, Sandan, Santang, Sanya, Senya, Sepi, Shedua, Singa, Sru-ah, Su, Tachale, Tchebe, Thievi, Tiene, Tieve, Tschalo, Yono, Zoue

Distributed in: Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Togo, Uganda, Zaire (Africa)

Common uses: Agricultural implements, Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Charcoal, Flooring, Food containers, Fuelwood, Furniture, Joinery, Light construction, Millwork, Musical instruments: percussion, Particleboard, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Tables, Turnery, Vats, Veneer: decorative

Tree size: Tree height is 20-30 m

Colors: the heart isReddish brown, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodWell defined, White to yellow.The grain isWavy, the textureMedium to coarseand the lusterPronounced

Natural durability: Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera), Susceptible to marine borer attack

LightInduced Color Change: None

Kiln Schedules: UK=J US=T10D5S/T8D4S Fr=4

Drying Defects: Slight collapse and honeycomb, Splitting

Ease of Drying: Easy

Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is not buttressed

Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good

Blunting Effect: Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is mild

Cutting Resistance: Cutting resistance with dry wood is variable

Gluing: Easy to glue

Mortising: Difficult to mortise

Moulding: Difficult to mould

Movement in Service: Difficult to mould

Nailing: Difficult to nail, Easy to nail

Planing: Planes well, to a good finish

Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is permeable

Response to hand tools: Easy to machine

Steam bending: Very poor

Screwing: Easy to screw ; Turning: Difficult to turn

Polishing: Good; Staining: Finish is generally good ;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity
Density 544 kg/m3
Bending Strength 552 864 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 255 419 kg/cm2
Hardness 361 kg
Impact Strength 63 cm
Shearing Strength 103 kg/cm2
Stiffness 75 88 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage 7 %
Radial Shrinkage 3 %
Weight 528 416 kg/m3
Maximum Load cm-kg/cm3
Toughness cm-kg
Static Bending kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 7862 12298 psi
Density 34 lbs/ft3
Hardness 798 lbs
Impact Strength 25 inches
Maximum Crushing Strength 3634 5965 psi
Shearing Strength 1474 psi
Stiffness 1067 1254 1000 psi
Weight 33 26 lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage 3 %
Tangential Shrinkage 7 %
Volumetric Shrinkage 10 %

Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate 0
Bending strength (MOR) = low 0
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low 1
Max. crushing strength = medium 1
Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. 1
Shrinkage, Radial = small 0
Shrinkage, Radial = very small
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low
Max. crushing strength = low
Hardness (side grain) = soft
Bending strength (MOR) = medium
Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate
Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large
Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft.
Shrinkage, Tangential = very small
Shrinkage, Radial = moderate
Hardness (side grain) = very soft
Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft.
Shrinkage, Volumetric = small
Shrinkage, Tangential = small
Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large
Toughness (total work) = very low
Shrinkage, Volumetric = fairly large
Shrinkage, Tangential = large
Shrinkage, Radial = large
Max. crushing strength = high
Toughness (total work) = medium
Toughness (total work) = low
Shrinkage, Volumetric = large
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low
Hardness (side grain) = medium
Bending strength (MOR) = high

Babajide, Lucas E., Shegun, Ajayi D.,1966,Stiffness and specific gravity related to other mechanical properties for,seven tropical timbers.,Nigeria Federal Department Forest Research, Ibadan, Report No.10Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1955,Faro (Daniellia Spp,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,44, pp17-20Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building ResearchChudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Cooper, G.P., Record, S.J.,1931,The Evergreen Forests of Liberia,Yale School Forestry Bulletin,31,pp1-153Eggeling, W.J.,1940,Indigenous Trees of Uganda,Govt. Printer Entebbe UgandaErfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry DepartmentFarmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1951,Ogea - Daniellia ogea and Daniellia thurifera,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research Timber LeafletFrance - C.T.F.T./C.T.B.,1982,Guide pour le Choix des Essences Deroulables-pour la fabrication du,contreplaque,C.T.F.T./C.T.B. FranceHoward, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.Hughes, J.F.,1971,The Principal Timber Trees of Cameroon,Unpublished dataIrvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. LondonKeay, R.W.J.,1964,Nigerian Trees Vol.2,Nigeria Federal Department of Forest Research, IbadanKennedy, J.D.,1936,Forest Flora of Southern Nigeria,Government Printer LagosKribs, D.A.,1950,Commercial and Foreign Woods on the American Market (a manual to their,structure, identification, uses and distribution,U.S.A. Penn. State College, Tropical Woods LaboratoryNigeria Department of Forest Research,1967,The Properties of Some Savanna Timber Trees,Nigeria Federal Department of Forest Research, Ibadan Report, No.11Sallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.TSallenave, P.,1964,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Premier Supplement,C.T.F.T. Publ.,no.23Sallenave, P.,1971,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Deuxieme,Supplement,C.T.F.T.Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1956,Survey of Africa Woods 2,Tropical Woods 16(106) pp65-97Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7Unwin, A.H.,1920,West African Forests and Forestry,T. Fisher Unwin Ltd. London
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