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Subalpine fir
Subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa)

Family: Pinaceae

Common names: Alpine fir, Balsam, Balsam fir, Corkbark fir, Fir, Pino real blanco, Rocky mountain fir, Subalpine fir, Western balsam fir, Western fir, White balsam, White fir

Distributed in: Canada, United States (North America)

Distribution overview: In the U.S. and Canada, Subalpine Fir grows naturally in mountains from central Yukon and the eastern parts of southeast Alaska south through Alberta and British Columbia. It can also be found from Washington, Oregon, Idaho and western Montana south to central Colorado, southern New Mexico and southeast Arizona. Locally, it may be found in northeast Nevada and northwest California as well.

Common uses: Beams, Boxes and crates, Building construction, Cabin construction, Casks, Concrete formwork, Construction, Decks, Decorative plywood, Dressed boards, Factory construction, Form work, Foundation posts, Framing, Heavy construction, Joists, Light construction, Lumber, Packing cases, Plywood, Porch columns, Pulp/Paper products, Pulpwood, Rough boards/dimension stock, Rough construction, Structural plywood, Utility plywood

Product sources: Subalpine fir has strength properties that are similar to those of White spruce (Picea glauca), Engelman spruce (Picea engelmannii) and Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta). Timber produced by these species are grouped and marketed in the Spruce-Pine-Fir grade.

Environment profile: Rare

Tree size: Tree height is 20-30 m

Colors: the heart isWhitish, Yellowand the sapwoodWhite, Yellow.The grain isStraight, the textureMedium coarse to coarse

Natural durability: Perishable, Very low natural resistance to attack by decay fungi and wood destroying organisms

Odor: No specific smell or taste

Kiln Schedules: 12 - B5 (4/4)T12 - B4 (8/4) U.S

Drying Defects: Uneven moisture content, Wet wood causes most defects.

Ease of Drying: Fairly Easy

Boring: Fair to good results

Gluing: Very Good to Excellent Results

Mortising: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Moulding: Satisfactory moulding qualities

Movement in Service: Satisfactory moulding qualities

Nailing: Holds nails well, Very Good to Excellent

Planing: Planes well, to a good finish

Resistance to Impregnation: Resistant sapwood

Screwing: Good screw holding properties, Very Good to Excellent Results; Turning: Fairly Easy to Very Easy


  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity 0,24 0,2
Density kg/m3
Bending Strength 347 578 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 15 32 kg/cm2
Hardness 155 kg
Impact Strength cm
Shearing Strength 70 kg/cm2
Stiffness 79 95 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage 7 %
Radial Shrinkage 3 %
Weight kg/m3
Maximum Load cm-kg/cm3
Toughness cm-kg
Static Bending kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 4949 8232 psi
Crushing Strength 221 456 psi
Hardness 343 lbs
Maximum Crushing Strength 2352 4969 psi
Shearing Strength 1005 psi
Stiffness 1132 1357 1000 psi
Specific Gravity 0.24 0.2
Radial Shrinkage 3 %
Tangential Shrinkage 7 %
Volumetric Shrinkage 9 %

Surfaces may dent easily
Soft
Compression strength (parallel to grain) = low
Bending strength (MOR) = medium

Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Hardwoods - Temperate and Tropical. USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Canadian Forestry Service. 1981.Canadian Woods - Their Properties and Uses. Third Edition. E.J. Mullins and T.S. McKnight, Editors. Published by University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.Little, E.L.1980.The Audobon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Western Region.Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.Panshin, A.J. and C. deZeeuw. Textbook of Wood Technology. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook:Wood as an Engineering Material. Agriculture Handbook No. 72. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin.USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operators Manual, Preliminary Copy. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Western Wood Products Association.19__.Softwoods of the Western USA.Published and Distributed by the Western Wood Products Association, Yeon Building, 522 S.W. Fifth Avenue, Portland, Oregon.
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