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Sapele (Entandrophragma cylindricum)
Family: Meliaceae Common names: Aboudikro, Acajou sapelle, Assi, Assie sapelli, Atore, Bibitu, Botsife, Bubussu, Cedar, Dilolo, Gold Coast cedar, Kwabohoro, Liboyo, Libuyu, Lifaki, Lifari, Lifuti, Lotue, M'boyo, Miovu, Muyovu, Odupon, Oweru, Penkua, Penkwa, Sapele, Sapele mahogany, Sapele wood, Sapeli, Sapelli, Scented mahogany, Tshimaye noir, Ubilesan, Undianuno, West African cedar Distributed in: Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Togo, Uganda, Zaire (Africa) Distribution overview: Ranging from the Ivory Coast to the Cameroons and eastward through Zaire to Uganda (including Ghana). Occurs in evergreen, deciduous, and transitional forest formation. Common uses: Boat building (general), Boat building, Boxes and crates, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Carvings, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Decorative plywood, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Lifeboats, Light construction, Living-room suites, Musical instruments, Musical instruments: piano, Office furniture, Paneling , Paneling, Parquet flooring, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rustic furniture, Shipbuilding, Stools, Sub-flooring, Tables , Tables, Turnery, Utility furniture, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative, Wainscotting Product sources: The ITTO reports that the species is an important source of timber and is exported regularly. Sapele is readily available as either veneer or lumber, with prices ranging from average to valuable. Specified grades of Sapele are also easier to fill. Quartered sapele yields beautiful straight stripes. Flat cut wood produces attractive cathedrals and cantilevered hearts and Sapele pommele, a wild blisterered grain pattern present in some trees. Sapele pommele is a highly popular veneer, and is used by designers for architectural interiors, table tops, and wall paneling. The best grades of Sapele are reported to feature a fine pencil stripe of uniform width. Environment profile: Secure in many areas of its range Tree size: Tree height is 20-30 m
Colors: the heart isRed, Reddish brownand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isWavy, the textureModerately fineand the lusterPronounced
Natural durability: Susceptible to pinhole borer, Very durable Odor:
Cedar-Like scent that remains even after long exposure.
LightInduced Color Change: None Kiln Schedules: Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is fairly rapid Kiln Drying Rate: Naturally dries slowly Drying Defects: Slight end splitting, Slight twist/warp Ease of Drying: Variable results. Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good Sapele is comparable to Oak in strength properties, and is stronger than either African (Khaya ) or American mahogany (Swietenia ). Blunting Effect: Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is moderate Boring: Good results
Carving: Easy to carve
Cutting Resistance: Low resistance Gluing: Glues well Mortising: Difficult to mortise
Moulding: Tends to tear where interlocked grain is present Movement in Service: Tends to tear where interlocked grain is present Nailing: Holds nails well, Pre-Boring Recommended Planing: Very Good to Excellent Resistance to Impregnation: Very difficult to treat Response to hand tools: Moderate working qualities Routing recessing: Routing is easy
Sanding: Very good characteristics
Veneering qualities: Suitable for peeling, Suitable for slicing Steam bending: Very poor
Screwing: Fairly good characteristics, Screwing yields good results; Turning: Yields smooth, clean surface.
Painting: Satisfactory; Polishing: Very Good to Excellent; Staining: Stains well; Varnishing: Very Good to Excellent;
Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. 0 Max. crushing strength = high 0 Bending strength (MOR) = medium 0 Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low 0 Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate 0 Hardness (side grain) = medium 0 Hardness (side grain) = soft 1 Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Max. crushing strength = medium Shrinkage, Radial = small Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Bending strength (MOR) = low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Shrinkage, Volumetric = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = high Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Work to Maximum Load = low Toughness (total work) = low Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft Toughness (total work) = very low Shrinkage, Volumetric = small Shrinkage, Radial = very small Shrinkage, Radial = large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high Abankwah, J.M.,1970,A field test for the Natural Relative Durability of Timbers against Fungal,Decay,Building and Road Res. Inst. Ghana Research Note,No.33Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48Banks, C.H.,1954,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with Particular Reference to those,grown in the Union of South Africa,Journal of the South African Forestry Association,No. 24 pp.44-65,[South,African Forestry Journal]Banks, C.H.,1970,The Durability of South African Wood and Wood Base Building Materials,South African Forestry Journal,No.75Bodig, J. and B. A. Jayne. 1982. Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York.Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1974,Sapelli - Entandrophragma cylindricum,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,154,pp27-40Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building ResearchBolza, E.,1976,Timber and Health,Div. Building Res. C.S.I.R.O. AustraliaBrown, W.H.,1960,Aspects of Timber Seasoning - Properties of the Genus Entandrophragma,Timber Technology 68(2249, pp108 &115Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse UniversityBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World No.1 Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesChudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. LondonCox, H.A.,1939,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes RisboroughCrossley, N., Ogunle, O.A.,1964,Studies on the Suitability of Nigeria Raw Materials for Paper-making 7,Fed. Inst. Ind. Res. Nigeria Research Note, No.26Eggeling, W.J., Harris, C.M.,1939,Fifteen Uganda Timbers,Forest Trees and Timbers of the British Empire, Imperial Forestry,Institute, Oxford,Part 4Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry DepartmentFarmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1955,Kiln-Drying Schedules,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment Leaflet,No.42Fouarge, J.,1970,Essais Physiques,Mecaniques et de Durabilite de Bois de la Republique,Democratique du Congo,I.N.E.A.C. Belgium Serie Technique,No.76France - C.T.F.T./C.T.B.,1982,Guide pour le Choix des Essences Deroulables-pour la fabrication du,contreplaque,C.T.F.T./C.T.B. FranceFrance - C.T.F.T.,1964,Resultats des Observations et des Essais Effectues au CTFT sur le,Sapelli,(Entandrophragma cylindricum,C.T.F.T.,Information Tec.,No.193France - C.T.F.T.,1966,Bois Tropicaux,C.T.F.T. Publ.,12France - C.T.F.T.,1973,Investigations and Tests carried out on Tropical Timber by several,Research Laboratories,CTFTGhana - Timber Marketing Board,1969,Ghana Hardwoods,Timber Marketing BoardHarrar, E.S.,1942,Some Physical Properties of Modern Cabinet Woods 3. Directional and Volume,Shrinkage,Tropical Woods,9(71, pp26-32HMSO.1981.Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition.Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingIrvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. LondonITTO.1986.Tropical Timber Atlas, Volume 1 - Africa. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) and Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, 45bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France.Jay, B.A.,1968,Timbers of West Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesKaiser, J. 1989. Wood of the Month - Sapele: African Rain Forest Tree Finds a Home in U.S. Offices. Wood of the Month Annual, Volume 1, Supplement to Wood and Wood Products, Page 11-12.Kinloch, D., Miller, W.A.,1949,Gold Coast Timbers,Govt. Printer Gold CoastKline, M. 1983. Entandrophragma cylindricum - Sapele. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J. H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland Maine. 1994. Page 153.Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12Kribs, D.A.,1950,Commercial and Foreign Woods on the American Market (a manual to their,structure, identification, uses and distribution,U.S.A. Penn. State College, Tropical Woods LaboratoryKukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125Lavers, G. M.1966.The Strength Properties of Timbers.Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50.Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)Lincoln, W.A. 1986.World Woods in Color.Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California.Okigbo, L., Von Wendorff, G.,1964,Some Nigerian Woods (2nd Edition,Federal Ministry of Information LagosPatterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressPieters, A.,1977,Essences Forestieres du Zaire,R.U.G. Gent BelguimRendle, B.J.,1938,Commercial Mahoganies and Allied Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No 18Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. LondonSallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.TSallenave, P.,1964,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Premier Supplement,C.T.F.T. Publ.,no.23Sallenave, P.,1968,Reflexions sur quelques essences tropicales utilisables en menuiserie de,batiment,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,No.121,pp55-66Sawyerr, J.S.,1960,The Silviculture and Utilization of Terminalia Spp., Entandrophragma Spp.,,Nauclea Spp.,Imperial Forestry Institute, Oxford ThesisSouth African Lumber Millers Assoc.,1969,Notes on some Commercially Available Hardwoods,S.A.L.M.A. Timber Info. Centre Timber Technical Guide,No.1Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1956,Survey of African woods 1,Tropical Woods,115(105,pp 13-38Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1957,Survey of Africa Woods 3,Tropical Woods 16(107) pp92-128Tack, C.H.,1953,Plywood and veneer species,Forest Department, Uganda. Technical Note 5/1953Tack, C.H.,1969,Uganda Timbers,Govt. Printer UgandaTailfer, Y.,1972,Les Acajous de la Foret Dense Zairoise leur Identification Forestiere,Musee Royale de L'Afrique Centrale Sciences EconoTakahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7Thomas, A.V.,1964,Timbers Used in the Boat Building Industry A Survey,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research,LaboratoryTimber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.Timber Information Assoc. Ltd.,1947,Notes on East African Timbers,TRADA, Timber Information, No.28Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionU.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72Uganda Forest Department,1954,Endandrophragma Spp.,Uganda Forest Department Timber Leaflet No.14Uganda Forest Department,1954,Flooring Timbers,Uganda Forest Department Timber Leaflet,No.17Uganda Forest Department,1954,The Mechanical Properties of some Ugandan Timbers,Uganda Forest Department Timber Leaflet,No.1Uganda Forest Department,1969,The Shrinkage of Some Ugandan Timbers,Uganda Forestry Department Timber Leaflet,No.47 |
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