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Utile (Entandrophragma utile)
Family: Meliaceae Common names: Abebay, Afrobrodiju, Akuk, Asseng assie, Assi, Assie, Bokoi, Budongo heavy mahogany, Efuchyewee, Efuo-konkonti, Efuobrodidwo, Efuodwe, Feather sapele, Kalungi, Kosi-kosi, Liboyo, Libuyu, M'vovo, Mebrou, Mfumbi, Mufumbi, Mufumbi mahogany, Muyovu, Okeong, Sapele mahogany, Sipo, Timbi, Tshimaie n'shibu, Tsimaie tshibu, Undianuno, Utile Distributed in: Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Uganda, Zaire (Africa) Distribution overview: Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Cd'Ivoire, DR Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Uganda, in various lowland forest types. Common uses: Boat building (general), Boat building, Boat building: decking, Boat building: framing, Boxes and crates, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Decorative plywood, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Lifeboats, Light construction, Living-room suites, Moldings, Office furniture, Paneling , Paneling, Plywood, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rustic furniture, Shipbuilding, Stairrails, Stairworks, Stools, Stringers, Tables , Tables, Turnery, Utility furniture, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative, Wainscotting Product sources: The ITTO reports that the species is an important and regular source of timber for export. Environment profile: Status unknown in many of its growth areas Tree size: Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm
Colors: the heart isReddish brown, Yellowand the sapwoodWhite, Yellow.The grain isWeak figure, the textureMedium to coarseand the lusterPronounced
Natural durability: Susceptible to marine borer attack, Very durable Odor: Faint cedar-like scent
Kiln Schedules: Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rather slow Kiln Drying Rate: Slow (18-28 days for boards < 32 mm, to 52-84 days for boards >= 63 mm) Drying Defects: Slight twist/warp, Varies considerably Ease of Drying: Variable results. Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight Comments: Effect on MetalsGeneral finishing qualities are rated as good The wood may cause corrosion in iron and materials with iron content. Blunting Effect: Moderate Boring: Poor to very poor results Carving: Poor to Very Poor Results Cutting Resistance: Low resistance Gluing: Satisfactory gluing properties Mortising: Poor to Very Poor Moulding: Tends to tear where interlocked grain is present Movement in Service: Tends to tear where interlocked grain is present Nailing: Holds nails well, Very Good to Excellent Planing: Very Good to Excellent Resistance to Impregnation: Resistant sapwood Response to hand tools: Responds well Routing recessing: Poor to Very Poor Results Sanding: Very good characteristics Veneering qualities: Suitable for peeling, Suitable for slicing Steam bending: Very poor
Screwing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy, Very Good to Excellent Results; Turning: Very Good to Excellent Results
Painting: Takes paint easily after pre-treatment
; Polishing: Very good; Staining: Stains well; Varnishing: Pre-treatment needed or recommended;
Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. 0 Bending strength (MOR) = medium 0 Hardness (side grain) = soft 0 Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low 0 Max. crushing strength = high 0 Max. crushing strength = medium 0 Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. 1 Shrinkage, Radial = moderate 0 Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Shrinkage, Volumetric = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = small Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = high Shrinkage, Volumetric = small Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Hardness (side grain) = very soft Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium Toughness (total work) = very low Toughness (total work) = low Shrinkage, Volumetric = large Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = large Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high Max. crushing strength = low Bending strength (MOR) = very high Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48Banks, C.H.,1954,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with Particular Reference to those,grown in the Union of South Africa,Journal of the South African Forestry Association,No. 24 pp.44-65,[South,African Forestry Journal]Bodig, J. and B. A. Jayne. 1982. Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York.Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1973,Sipo - Entandrophragma utile,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,150,pp37-48Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building ResearchBrown, W.H.,1960,Aspects of Timber Seasoning - Properties of the Genus Entandrophragma,Timber Technology 68(2249, pp108 &115Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse UniversityBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World No.1 Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesChudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Eggeling, W.J., Harris, C.M.,1939,Fifteen Uganda Timbers,Forest Trees and Timbers of the British Empire, Imperial Forestry,Institute, Oxford,Part 4Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry DepartmentEsmans, F.,1933,Les Entandrophragma,Bull. Agric. Congo Belge,4(2, pp222-235Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1955,Kiln-Drying Schedules,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment Leaflet,No.42Fortin, Y., Poliquin, J.,1976,Natural Durability and Preservation of 100 Tropical African Woods,International Development Research Centre, CanadaFouarge, J., Gerard, G.,1964,Bois du Mayumbe,I.N.E.A.C. BelguimFouarge, J.,1950,Appropriation de Bois Congolais aux Besoins de la Metropole,I.N.E.A.C. Belgium Serie Technique,No.38Fouarge, J.,1953,Bois du Congo,I.N.E.A.C.Fouarge, J.,1970,Essais Physiques,Mecaniques et de Durabilite de Bois de la Republique,Democratique du Congo,I.N.E.A.C. Belgium Serie Technique,No.76France - C.T.F.T./C.T.B.,1982,Guide pour le Choix des Essences Deroulables-pour la fabrication du,contreplaque,C.T.F.T./C.T.B. FranceFrance - C.T.F.T.,1961,Resultats des Observations et des Essais Effectues au CTFT sur Sipo,C.T.F.T. Information Technique,No.119France - C.T.F.T.,1966,Bois Tropicaux,C.T.F.T. Publ.,12France - C.T.F.T.,1973,Investigations and Tests carried out on Tropical Timber by several,Research Laboratories,CTFTGhana - Timber Marketing Board,1969,Ghana Hardwoods,Timber Marketing BoardHMSO.1981.Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition.Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.Irvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. LondonITTO.1986.Tropical Timber Atlas, Volume 1 - Africa.International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) and Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, 45bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France.Jackson, A. and D. Day.1991.Good Wood Handbook - The Woodworker's Guide to Identifying, Selecting and Using the Right Wood.Betterway Publications, Cincinnati, Ohio.Jay, B.A.,1968,Timbers of West Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesKinloch, D., Miller, W.A.,1949,Gold Coast Timbers,Govt. Printer Gold CoastKryn, J.M., Forbes, E.W.,1959,The Woods of Liberia,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture,Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Report No. 2159Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125Lavers, G. M.1966.The Strength Properties of Timbers.Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50.Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)Lebacq, L., Dechamps, R.,1967,Contribution a un Inventaire de Forets du Nord-kasai,Musee Royal de L'Afrique Centrale Belgium Annals Series 8 No.5Lincoln, W.A. 1986.World Woods in Color.Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California.Okigbo, L., Von Wendorff, G.,1964,Some Nigerian Woods (2nd Edition,Federal Ministry of Information LagosPatterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressPieters, A.,1977,Essences Forestieres du Zaire,R.U.G. Gent BelguimRendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. LondonRevue des Bois et de ses Applications,1956,La Page des Bois Tropicaux - Sipo (Assie,Revue des Bois et de ses Applications,11(4,p33Sallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.TSallenave, P.,1964,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Premier Supplement,C.T.F.T. Publ.,no.23Sallenave, P.,1971,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Deuxieme,Supplement,C.T.F.T.Sawyerr, J.S.,1960,The Silviculture and Utilization of Terminalia Spp., Entandrophragma Spp.,,Nauclea Spp.,Imperial Forestry Institute, Oxford ThesisSpalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1956,Survey of African woods 1,Tropical Woods,115(105,pp 13-38Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1957,Survey of Africa Woods 3,Tropical Woods 16(107) pp92-128Tack, C.H.,1953,Plywood and veneer species,Forest Department, Uganda. Technical Note 5/1953Tack, C.H.,1969,Uganda Timbers,Govt. Printer UgandaTailfer, Y.,1972,Les Acajous de la Foret Dense Zairoise leur Identification Forestiere,Musee Royale de L'Afrique Centrale Sciences EconoTakahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7Thomas, A.V.,1964,Timbers Used in the Boat Building Industry A Survey,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research,LaboratoryTitmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionUganda Forest Department,1954,Endandrophragma Spp.,Uganda Forest Department Timber Leaflet No.14Weddell, E.,1960,A Study of the Influence of Interlocked Grain on the Bending Strength of,Timber,TRADA, Research Report, E/RR/14Wood, B., Calnan, D.,1976,Toxic Woods,British Journal of Dermat 94 Suppl. 13 |
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