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WallabaWallaba
Wallaba (Eperua falcata)

Family: Leguminosae

Common names: Apa, Apazeiro, Bainha de espada, Bijhout, Bijlhout, Bioudou, Bois de sabre, Eperu, Eperua falcata, Espadeira, Ituri, Ituri wallaba, Itusi wallaba, Jacare copahiba, Jebaro, Jebaru-rana, Palo machete, Parewe, Parive, Pois sabre, Soft wallaba, Uapa, Uapa tabaco, Vouapa-tabaca, Walaba, Walaba ituri walaba, Wallaba, Wallabaholz, Wapa, Wapa gras, Wapa huileux, Wapa patouve, Water wallaba, White wallaba, Woapa, Woapa huileux, Wopa, Wouapa, Yoboko

Distributed in: Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela (Central America, Latin America)

Distribution overview: Generally found in the Guianas and into Venezuela and the Amazon region of northern Brazil.

Common uses: Boat building: decking, Boat building: framing, Bridge construction, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Charcoal, Construction, Cooperages, Crossties, Decks, Factory construction, Factory flooring, Flooring, Flooring: commercial heavy traffic, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Fuelwood, Furniture, Heavy construction, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Light construction, Marine construction, Mine timbers, Particleboard, Piling, Poles, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Railroad ties, Roofing, Shingles, Structural work, Sub-flooring, Turnery, Utility poles, Vats, Vehicle parts, Wharf construction, Wheel spokes, Wheels

Product sources: The ITTO reports that timber production from the species is rather low. The timber is exported in low quantities.

Environment profile: Vulnerable

Colors: the heart isRed, Reddish brownand the sapwoodWhite, White to yellow.The grain isWeak figure, the textureMedium to coarseand the lusterDull

Natural durability: Susceptible to marine borer attack, Very durable

Odor: No characteristic taste

LightInduced Color Change: Darker

Kiln Schedules: Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rather slow

Kiln Drying Rate: Very slow (>28 days for boards < 32 mm, to >84 days for boards >= 63 mm)

Drying Defects: Slight end splitting, Warping can be expected

Ease of Drying: Moderately Difficult to Difficult

Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is cylindrical

Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good General finishing qualities are rated as poor General finishing qualities are rated as satisfactory

Blunting Effect: Moderate effect

Boring: Fairly easy to very easy

Carving: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Cutting Resistance: Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy

Gluing: Glues well

Mortising: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Moulding: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Movement in Service: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Nailing: Holds nails well, Pre-boring recommended

Planing: Planes well, to a good finish

Resistance to Impregnation: Untreatable

Resistance to Splitting: Poor

Response to hand tools: Variable qualities

Routing recessing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Steam bending: Moderate

Turning: Good results

Painting: Satisfactory; Polishing: Satisfactory; Staining: Reacts with Iron to discolour wood;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity 0,7
Density 897 kg/m3
Bending Strength 997 1430 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 567 778 kg/cm2
Hardness 900 kg
Impact Strength 71 cm
Shearing Strength 120 kg/cm2
Stiffness 152 176 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage 6 %
Radial Shrinkage 3 %
Weight 897 689 kg/m3
Maximum Load cm-kg/cm3
Toughness cm-kg
Static Bending kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 14185 20341 psi
Density 56 lbs/ft3
Hardness 1986 lbs
Impact Strength 28 inches
Maximum Crushing Strength 8076 11074 psi
Shearing Strength 1716 psi
Stiffness 2175 2515 1000 psi
Specific Gravity 0.7
Weight 56 43 lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage 3 %
Tangential Shrinkage 6 %
Volumetric Shrinkage 9 %

Bending strength (MOR) = high 0
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high 0
Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft 0
Max. crushing strength = high 1
Hardness (side grain) = medium
Shrinkage, Tangential = small
Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate
Shrinkage, Radial = very small
Hardness (side grain) = hard
Shrinkage, Volumetric = small
Shrinkage, Radial = small
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low
Max. crushing strength = very high
Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate
Shrinkage, Radial = moderate
Density (dry weight) = 61-67 lbs/cu.ft
Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft.
Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low
Shrinkage, Tangential = very small
Shrinkage, Tangential = large
Shrinkage, Radial = large
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low
Hardness (side grain) = soft
Bending strength (MOR) = very high
Bending strength (MOR) = medium

Barbour, W.R.,1952,Cativo (Prioria copaifera,Journal of Forestry,50(2,PP96-9Bena, P.,1960,Essences Forestieres de Guyane,Bureau Agricole et Forestier Guyanais GuyanaBerni, C.A., Bolza, E., Christensen, F.J.,1979,South American Timbers - The Characteristics, Properties and Uses of 190,Species,C.S.I.R.O Div. Building ResearchBois et Forets des Tropiques,1951,Wafa (Eperua sp. en particulier E. falcata et E. jenmani,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,No.17 pp37-40Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Hardwoods - Temperate and Tropical. USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 2 South America,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesChichignoud, M., G. Deon, P. Detienne, B. Parant and P. Vantomme.1990.Tropical Timber Atlas of Latin America.International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO, Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Division of CIRAD, 45 bis Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne, CEDEX, France.Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. LondonEdmondson, C.H.,1949,Reaction of Woods from S.America and Caribbean areas to Marine Borers in,Hawaiian Waters,Caribbean Foresters,10(1,PP37-41Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood B. Wood Species from S. American Tropical,Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry DepartmentFanshawe, D.B.,1948,Studies of the Trees of British Guiana Part 3,Tropical Woods,12(93,pp1-28Fanshawe, D.B.,1954,Forest Products of British Guiana Part 1 Principal Timbers,Forest Department British Guiana Forestry Bulletin (New Series 2nd,Edition,No.1Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1954,Hardwoods for Industrial Flooring,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Leaflet, No.48Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research EstablishmentGuna et al, S.R.D.,1945,Notes on British Guiana Timbers,The 'Daily Chronicle' Ltd. Printers,28PPGuyana - Forest Department,1951,British Guiana Timbers - Wallaba (Epenia Spp.,British Guiana Forestry Department Leaflet No. 3HMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer, Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.Kribs, D.A.,1950,Commercial and Foreign Woods on the American Market (a manual to their,structure, identification, uses and distribution,U.S.A. Penn. State College, Tropical Woods LaboratoryKynoch, W., Norton, N.A.,1938,Mechanical Properties of certain tropical woods chiefly from S. America,School of Forestry and Conservation, University of Michigan Bulletin,No.7Longwood, F.R.,1962,Commercial Timbers of the Caribbean,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook,No.207Martin-Lavigne, E.,1909,Recherches sur les Bois de la Guyane,Vigot Freres ParisPolak, A.M.,1992,Major Timber Trees of Guyana A Field Guide,The Tropenbos Foundation Wageningen, The NetherlandsRecord, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University PressRecord, S.J., Mell, C.D.,1924,Timbers of Tropical America,Yale Univ. PressRedding, L.W.,1971,Resistance of Timbers to Impregnation with Creosote,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Bulletin No.54 pp.43Sallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.TSallenave, P.,1971,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Deuxieme,Supplement,C.T.F.T.Stone, H.,1924,The Timbers of Commerce and their Identification,William Rider & Sons Ltd. LondonSurinam Forest Service,1952,Surinam Timber - A Summary with brief descriptions of the main timber,species of Surinam,Surinam Forest ServiceTakahashi, A.,1975,Compilation of data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part 2,Central and South America,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No.4Vink, A.T.,1965,Surinam Timbers,Surinam Forest Service Paramaribo,3rd rev. ed.Wolcott, G.N.,1950,An Index to the Termite Resistance of Woods,Agricultural Experimental Station, University of Puerto Rico Bulletin,No.85
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