Milky mangrove (Excoecaria agallocha) 
	 
	Family: Euphorbiaceae  
	
	Common names: Aloe, Ausus, Ayas, Bat, BatNigakiy, Bebuta, Buta-buta, Chilla, Eas, Gangwa, Garu, Geon, Geor, Geria, Geva, Gewa, Hara, Hasi, Ias, Kayaw, Kayu, Komatti, Losus, Milky mangrove, Ousus, Paradise wood, Phungali, Sasi, Surund, Tala kiriya, Tayaw, The eye-blinding plant, Thilla, Tilai, Uguru, Yekin 
 Distributed in: Australia, Bangladesh, Brunei, Burma, China, India, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vanuatu (Africa, Oceania and S.E. Asia) 
 Distribution overview: Africa, across the Asian subcontinent to Japan, Southeast Asia to Australia and the Pacific Islands. Rare in Singapore. Often found on rocky shores and in mangrove swawps. 
 Common uses: Boxes and crates, Building materials, Charcoal, Clogs, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Fuelwood, Furniture , Furniture, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Light construction, Matchboxes, Matches, Millwork, Moldings, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Pulpwood, Rustic furniture, Sporting Goods, Tables , Tables, Toys, Trimming, Utility furniture, Wainscotting, Windows 
 Environment profile: Vulnerable in parts of its natural habitat 
 Tree size: Tree height is 10-20 m
  
	
	
	Colors: the heart isWhite to cream, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isStraight, the textureModerately fine and even and the lusterLustrous
	  
	
	Natural durability: Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles, Susceptible to insect attack 
 Odor: No distinct taste 
 Kiln Drying Rate: Naturally dries slowly
 
 Ease of Drying: Slowly 
 Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is not buttressed 
 Comments: Good source of sulpahte pulp 
 Boring: Fairly difficult to very difficult
 
 Cutting Resistance: Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy
 
 Mortising: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult
 
 Moulding: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult
 
 Movement in Service: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult
 
 Planing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy
 
 Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is treatable 
 Response to hand tools: Difficult to machine
 
 Sanding: Fairly Easy to Very Easy
  		
	
	
	Turning: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult
		
	  
	
	
	  
	
	
    
    - Numerical data Metric
 
    - Numerical data English
 
    - Strength properties
 
    - References
 
     
     
     
     
	
      
        | 
        | 
        | 
        |  
      
      | Item | 
      Green | 
      Dry | 
      Metric | 
       
      
      
		| Specific Gravity | 
		0,4 | 
		0,42 | 
		 |  
     
		| Density | 
		 | 
		432 | 
		kg/m3 |  
     
		| Bending Strength | 
		372 | 
		697 | 
		kg/cm2 |  
     
		| Crushing Strength | 
		28 | 
		74 | 
		kg/cm2 |  
     
		| Hardness | 
		 | 
		322 | 
		kg |  
     
		| Impact Strength | 
		 | 
		 | 
		cm |  
     
		| Shearing Strength | 
		 | 
		78 | 
		kg/cm2 |  
     
		| Stiffness | 
		56 | 
		76 | 
		1000 kg/cm2 |  
     
		| Tangential Shrinkage | 
		 | 
		 | 
		% |  
     
		| Radial Shrinkage | 
		2 | 
		 | 
		% |  
     
		| Weight | 
		416 | 
		368 | 
		kg/m3 |  
     
		| Maximum Load | 
		 | 
		 | 
		cm-kg/cm3 |  
     
		| Toughness | 
		 | 
		342 | 
		cm-kg |  
     
		| Static Bending | 
		223 | 
		320 | 
		kg/cm2 |  
     
       |   
      
	   
        
        |   |   |   |  | Item  | Green  | Dry  | English  |  | Bending Strength  | 5296  | 9924  | psi   |  | Crushing Strength  | 407  | 1054  | psi   |  | Density  |   | 27  | lbs/ft3   |  | Hardness  |   | 711  | lbs   |  | Maximum Crushing Strength  | 2592  | 4433  | psi   |  | Shearing Strength  |   | 1113  | psi   |  | Static Bending  | 3178  | 4556  | psi   |  | Stiffness  | 805  | 1084  | 1000 psi  |  | Toughness  |   | 297  | inch-lbs  |  | Specific Gravity  | 0.4  | 0.42  |   |  | Weight  | 26  | 23  | lbs/ft3   |  | Radial Shrinkage  | 2  |   | %   |  | Tangential Shrinkage  | 5  |   | %   |   |  
  
       Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft.  Shrinkage, Tangential = very small  Shrinkage, Tangential = small  Shrinkage, Radial = very small  Shrinkage, Radial = small  Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft.  
   
       Bolza, E.,1975,Properties and Uses of 175 Timber Species from Papua New Guinea and West,Irian,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Building Research Report,no.34Bolza, E.,1976,Timber and Health,Div. Building Res. C.S.I.R.O. AustraliaBourdillon, T.F.,1908,The Forest Trees of Travancore,Travancore Government PressBrowne, F.G.,1955,Forest Trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their Products.,Government Printing Office, Kuching, SarawakDesch, H. E. 1957. Manual of Malayan Timbers - Volume I. Malayan Forest Records, No. 15. Malaya Publishing House Ltd., Singapore.E.H. Walker,1954,Important Trees of the Ryukyu Islands,United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands Special Bulletin,No. 3Eddowes, P.J. 1977. Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea - Their Properties and Uses. Forest Products Research Center, Office of Forests, Department of Primary Industry, Papua New Guinea.Eddowes, P.J.,1977,Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea: Their Properties and Uses,Hebano Press, Port Moresby, Papua New GuineaGamble, J.S.,1902,A Manual of Indian Timbers,Sampson Low, Marston & Co. LondonLauricio, F. M., Bellosillo, S. B., The Mechanical and Related Properties of Philippine Woods, The Philippine Lumber Journal, 12(5):A-HMohammed Mohiuddin,1990,Wood Anatomy of six low density Hardwoods (Alstonia scholaris,,Anthocephalus chinensis, Bombax ceiba, Bombax insigne, Excoecaria,agallocha and Trewia nudiflora) of Bangladesh,Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, Chittagong, Bulletin 9 Wood Anatomy,SeriesPearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 volsWCMC.1992.Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World.World Conservation Monitoring Center - Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom. 
	 
    
	
       
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