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American beechAmerican beechAmerican beech
American beech (Fagus grandifolia)

Family: Fagaceae

Common names: American beech, Beech, Canadian beech, Red beech

Distributed in: Canada, United States (North America)

Distribution overview: American beech is distributed from Cape Brenton Island, Nova Scotia west to Maine, southern Quebec, southern Ontario, northern Michigan, and eastern Wisconsin; south to southern Illinois, southeastern Missouri, northwestern Arkansas, southeastern Oklahoma, and eastern Texas; east to northern Florida; and northeast to southeastern South Carolina. An isolated variety (var. mexicana) occurs in the mountains of northeastern Mexico. Prefers well-drained bottomland forests and mesic upland forests.

Common uses: Baskets, Boxes and crates, Brush backs & handles, Cabinetmaking, Casks, Chairs, Charcoal, Chemical derivatives, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Cooperages, Crossties, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Drum sticks, Excelsior, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Flooring: commercial heavy traffic, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Food containers, Fuelwood, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Handles: general, Hatracks, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Living-room suites, Millwork, Musical instruments , Office furniture, Organ pipes, Packing cases, Pallets, Paneling, Parquet flooring, Piano keys, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Pulpwood, Railroad ties, Sporting Goods, Textile equipment, Tool handles, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Veneer

Product sources: American beech is available in large supplies at a moderate price in both lumber and veneer forms.

Environment profile: Rare in parts of its natural range (population is at risk)

Tree size: Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm

Colors: the heart isReddish brown, Whitishand the sapwoodWhite in color , White to yellow.The grain isStraight, the textureMediumand the lusterMedium

Natural durability: Susceptible to insect attack, Very little natural resistance

Odor: No specific smell or taste

Kiln Schedules: T8-C2 (4/4)

Kiln Drying Rate: Rapid

Drying Defects: Moderate surface checking, Moderate twist/warp

Ease of Drying: Requires slow to moderate drying schedule.

Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good Good for food containers, backets and butcher blocks. Good shock resistanceHard and strong

Blunting Effect: Moderate

Boring: He wood is generally easy to bore but it has a tendency to char. (Percent of bored pieces with good to excellent results = 99).

Cutting Resistance: Easy to saw

Gluing: Satisfactory gluing properties

Mortising: Finishes well Mortising characteristics are rated as very good. (Number of mortised pieces producing fair to excellent = 92)

Moulding: Very poor (25+% of pieces will yield good to excellent )

Movement in Service: Very poor (25+% of pieces will yield good to excellent )

Nailing: Pre-boring recommended, Very Good to Excellent

Planing: Planes well, to a good finish

Resistance to Impregnation: Resistant sapwood

Resistance to Splitting: Poor

Response to hand tools: Very difficult to work with hand tools

Sanding: Poor sanding properties

Veneering qualities: Veneers easily, Veneers moderately easy

Steam bending: Very good

Screwing: Responds poorly (Percent of pieces free from splitting - 58) , Screwing yields good results; Turning: Responds readily to turning operations

Painting: Satisfactory; Polishing: Very Good to Excellent; Staining: Very Good to Excellent; Varnishing: Good;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity 0,51 0,62
Density 753 kg/m3
Bending Strength 634 1031 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 40 76 kg/cm2
Hardness 431 kg
Impact Strength 119 104 cm
Shearing Strength 137 kg/cm2
Stiffness 98 121 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage 10 %
Radial Shrinkage 4 %
Weight 753 737 kg/m3
Maximum Load 0,7 0,98 cm-kg/cm3
Toughness cm-kg
Static Bending 289 592 kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 9023 14673 psi
Crushing Strength 578 1083 psi
Density 47 lbs/ft3
Hardness 951 lbs
Impact Strength 47 41 inches
Maximum Crushing Strength 3659 6803 psi
Shearing Strength 1962 psi
Static Bending 4116 8428 psi
Stiffness 1396 1726 1000 psi
Work to Maximum Load 10 14 inch-lbs/in3
Specific Gravity 0.51 0.62
Weight 47 46 lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage 4 %
Tangential Shrinkage 10 %
Volumetric Shrinkage 17 %

Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft.
Bending strength (MOR) = medium
Shrinkage, Tangential = large
Hardness (side grain) = very soft
Shrinkage, Radial = moderate
Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large
Max. crushing strength = low
Hardness (side grain) = soft
Bending strength (MOR) = low

Banks, C.H. and J.P. Schoeman. 1963. Railway Sleeper and Crossing Timbers. Bulletin No. 41, Republic of South Africa. The Government Printer, Pretoria, South Africa.Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Hardwoods - Temperate and Tropical. USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Brown, H.P. and Panshin, A.J.,1940,Commercial Timbers of the United States Their structure, identification,,properties and uses,McGraw-Hill, LondonBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World: - No.7 North America,TRADACalifornia Department of Forestry.Comparative Physical & Mechanical Properties of Western & Eastern Hardwoods.Prepared by Forest Products Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California.n/d.Canadian Forestry Service. 1981.Canadian Woods - Their Properties and Uses. Third Edition. E.J. Mullins and T.S. McKnight, Editors. Published by University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.Carpenter, R.D.,1974,American Woods - American Beech,USDA, Forest Service American Woods FS-220Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. LondonHarrar, E.S.,1942,Some Physical Properties of Modern Cabinet Woods 3. Directional and Volume,Shrinkage,Tropical Woods,9(71, pp26-32Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingJackson, A. and D. Day.1991.Good Wood Handbook - The Woodworker's Guide to Identifying, Selecting and Using the Right Wood.Betterway Publications, Cincinnati, Ohio.Kaiser, J.Wood of the Month.Beech - American Beech and its Relative.Wood and Wood Products, March, 1991.Page 38.Kline, M. 1982. fagus grandifolia - American beech. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World, Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. Page 158-159.Little, E.L.1980.The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Eastern Region.Published by Arthur A. Knopf.Markwardt, L.J., Wilson, T.R.C.,1935,Strength and related properties of woods grown in the United States,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin,No.479Mullins, E.J. and McKnight, T.S.,1981,Canadian Woods Their Properties and Uses,University of Toronto Press 3rd EditionNWFA.1994.Wood Species Used in Wood Flooring.Technical Publication No. A200, National Wood Flooring Association, Manchester, MO.Panshin, A.J. and C. deZeeuw. Textbook of Wood Technology. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. LondonTitmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionU.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook:Wood as an Engineering Material. Agriculture Handbook No. 72. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin.USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operators Manual, Preliminary Copy. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
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