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Black ash
Black ash (Fraxinus nigra)

Family: Oleaceae

Common names: American black ash, Ash, Basket ash, Black ash, Brown ash, Fresno, Hoop ash, Swamp ash, Water ash

Distributed in: Canada, United States (North America)

Distribution overview: Black ash ranges from western Newfoundland west to southeastern Manitoba and eastern North Dakota; south to Iowa; east to southern Indiana, Ohio, and West Virginia; and north from northern Virginia to Delaware and New Jersey. Since it is a swamp species, it grows naturally in wet places.

Common uses: Agricultural implements, Baseball bats, Baskets, Bedroom suites, Bent Parts, Boxes and crates, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Cooperages, Decorative plywood, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Food containers, Fuelwood, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Handles: general, Hatracks, Hockey sticks, Interior construction, Interior trim, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Millwork, Moldings, Oars, Office furniture, Paddles, Paneling , Paneling, Plywood, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rustic furniture, Skis, Sporting Goods, Stools, Tables , Tables, Tool handles, Trimming, Utility furniture, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Wainscotting

Product sources: Although the growth range of Black ash is less extensive than that of White or Green ash, it bes available in adequate supplies. It be often mixed and sold with other ashes under the trade name Ash, and is harder to find through normal retail channels. Price be in the same range as other ash species, moderate to low.

Environment profile: Widespread

Tree size: Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm

Colors: the heart isYellow, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isStraight, the textureMediumand the lusterNon-lustrous

Natural durability: Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles, Susceptible to insect attack

Odor: No specific smell or taste

Kiln Schedules: T8-D4 (4/4), T5-D3 (8/4) US/T8-D4 (4/4), T5-D3 (8/4) US

Drying Defects: Shakes may become extended, Splitting

Ease of Drying: Moderately Difficult to Difficult

Comments: Black ash is described as a very nice cabinet wood. Although it is softer than the other ashes, it still has enough qualities to allow its use chairs, tables, and other heavily used furniture. White ash is a better selection for applications where strength is important, such as for axe handles. Resistance to abrasion is also rather low in Black ash since the porous earlywood tends to break down or wear away quickly. General finishing qualities are rated as good

Blunting Effect: Blunting effect on machining is moderate

Boring: Good (75+ pieces out of 100 will yield good to excellent results)

Gluing: Satisfactory gluing properties

Mortising: Difficult to mortise

Nailing: Possible if prebored, Pre-boring recommended

Planing: Fair planing properties Black ash is comparatively softer and easier to work than the other ashes.

Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is permeable

Resistance to Splitting: Poor

Response to hand tools: Easy to machine

Sanding: Sanding is fairly difficult

Veneering qualities: Moderately easy to veneer, No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting

Steam bending: Very good

Screwing: Possible if prebored ; Turning: Difficult to turn

Polishing: Very Good to Excellent; Staining: Stains well ; Varnishing: The natural gray-brown color of the wood is easily enhanced by a few coats of clear varnish. ;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity 0,43 0,47
Density 544 kg/m3
Bending Strength 455 780 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 25 51 kg/cm2
Hardness 328 kg
Impact Strength 119 109 cm
Shearing Strength 98 kg/cm2
Stiffness 85 109 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage 7 %
Radial Shrinkage 4 %
Weight 624 528 kg/m3
Maximum Load 0,77 0,91 cm-kg/cm3
Toughness cm-kg
Static Bending 206 351 kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 6480 11106 psi
Crushing Strength 368 735 psi
Density 34 lbs/ft3
Hardness 724 lbs
Impact Strength 47 43 inches
Maximum Crushing Strength 2465 4986 psi
Shearing Strength 1408 psi
Static Bending 2940 4998 psi
Stiffness 1217 1552 1000 psi
Work to Maximum Load 11 13 inch-lbs/in3
Specific Gravity 0.43 0.47
Weight 39 33 lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage 4 %
Tangential Shrinkage 7 %
Volumetric Shrinkage 14 %

Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft.
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low
Max. crushing strength = low
Hardness (side grain) = soft
Bending strength (MOR) = low
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low
Max. crushing strength = medium
Hardness (side grain) = very soft
Bending strength (MOR) = medium
Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate
Shrinkage, Radial = moderate
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low
Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low
Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft.
Bending strength (MOR) = very low

Arno, J. 1989. Fraxinus nigra - Black ash. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World, Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. Page 163.Betts, H.S.,1945,American Woods - Ash,USDA, Forest Service American WoodsBoone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Hardwoods - Temperate and Tropical. USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World: - No.7 North America,TRADACanadian Forestry Service. 1981.Canadian Woods - Their Properties and Uses. Third Edition. E.J. Mullins and T.S. McKnight, Editors. Published by University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. LondonDave Faison. Into the Woods. Personal Communication, 1993.Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOHMSO, 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingKaiser, J.1987. Wood of the Month:Ash - A Big Leaguer's Choice. Wood & Wood Products, September, 1987. Page 40.Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12Little, E.L.1980.The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Eastern Region.Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.Markwardt, L.J., Wilson, T.R.C.,1935,Strength and related properties of woods grown in the United States,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin,No.479Mullins, E.J. and McKnight, T.S.,1981,Canadian Woods Their Properties and Uses,University of Toronto Press 3rd EditionPanshin, A.J. and C. deZeeuw. Textbook of Wood Technology. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.U.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook:Wood as an Engineering Material. Agriculture Handbook No. 72. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin.USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operators Manual, Preliminary Copy. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.
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