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Batinj (Gmelina arborea)
Family: Verbenaceae Common names: Batinj, Bolkobak, Chiman sag, Chimmar, Cummi, Et-demata, Gamar, Gamari, Gambari, Gamberi, Gaminea, Gamri, Gmelina, Gomari, Gumadi, Gumai, Gumar, Gumbar, Gumor tek, Gumudu, Kamare, Kambar, Kashmir tree, Kassamar, Khambhur, Khammara, Kuli, Kumara, Kumbar, Kumbil, Kumbulu, Kumiska, Kumlor, Kumor, Kumulu, Kurse, Kusmor, Kussamar, Le purplier d'Afrique, Mai-saw, Numbor, Peddagomru, Peoblu guma, Pokki, Ramani, Sag, Sewan, Shewari, Shivan, Shivani, Shivara, Shiwan, Summadi, Tagumuda, Taungnangyi, Thebla, Whiteteak, Yamane, Yemane Distributed in: Belize, Benin, Brazil, Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Nigeria, Philippines, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Venezuela, Zambia, Zimbabwe (Africa, Central America, Latin America, Oceania and S.E. Asia) Distribution overview: Native to tropical moist forest from India, Burma, and Sri Lanka to southern China, Gmelina is widely introduced, e.g. in Brazil, Gambia, Honduras, Ivory Coast, Malaysia, Malawi, Nigeria, Panama, Philippines, and Sierra Leone. Estimated to range from Tropical Very Dry to Wet through Subtropical Very Dry to Wet Forest Life Zones, gmelina is reported or estimated to tolerate annual precipitation of 7 to 45 dm, annual temperature of 20 to 26C, and pH of 6 to 8. It can tolerate a 67-month dry season. Grows on many soils, acidic laterites to calcareous loams, doing poorly on thin or poor soils with hardpan, dry sands, or heavily leached acidic soils, well-drained basic alluviums. Common uses: Agricultural implements, Boat building (general), Boat building: decking, Boat building: framing, Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Cooperages, Drawing boards, Fuelwood, Furniture, Joinery, Light construction, Matches, Millwork, Mine timbers, Musical instruments, Paneling, Particleboard, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Sporting Goods, Toys, Veneer Tree size: Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm
Colors: the heart isYellow, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isWavy, the textureMedium coarse to coarseand the lusterLustrous
Natural durability: Susceptible to insect attack, Susceptible to marine borer attack Kiln Schedules: UK=K US=T13C4S/T11D3S Kiln Drying Rate: Slow (18-28 days for boards < 32 mm, to 52-84 days for boards >= 63 mm) Drying Defects: Slight twist/warp, Splitting Ease of Drying: Rapidly Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight Blunting Effect: Blunting effect on machining is slight
Boring: Moderately easy Cutting Resistance: Easy to saw Gluing: Moderate gluing properties Mortising: Finishes well Moulding: Satisfactory moulding Movement in Service: Satisfactory moulding Nailing: Difficult to nail, Pre-Boring Recommended Planing: Planes well, to a good finish Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is permeable Resistance to Splitting: Poor
Response to hand tools: Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work Veneering qualities: Veneers easily, Veneers moderately easy
Turning: Very Good to Excellent Results
Painting: Good; Polishing: Very Good to Excellent; Staining: Very Good to Excellent; Varnishing: Good;
Bending strength (MOR) = low 0 Max. crushing strength = medium 0 Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low 1 Shrinkage, Radial = very small Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Max. crushing strength = low Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Hardness (side grain) = soft Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Radial = small Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Bending strength (MOR) = medium Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Hardness (side grain) = very soft Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building ResearchCurran, C.E., Et al,1934,The pulping of cafeput (Melaleuca leucadendron, white mangrove,(Lagunculana racemosa, Australian pine (Casuarina equisetifolia, and,cunningham pine (Casuarina cunninghamiana) by the sulphate process,Paper Trade Journal Tappi Section 22 pp288-91Dudek, S.,1981,Lesser Known Liberian Timber Species,German Agency for Technical Cooperation GermanyEdmundo V. Cortes,1978,Wood Quality and Utilization of Yemane (Gmelina arborea,Wood quality and utilization of tropical species. Proceedings IUFRO,Conference held at FORPRIDECOM, Laguna, Oct.30-Nov.3, Tamolang, F.N (ed.,,297-304Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1967,Report on a consignment of Gmelina arborea Roxb. from Gambia.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Report on Overseas,Timbers No.7Gua, B.E.,1988,Observation on timber samples of eighteen research and plantation species,Forest Research Note, Solomon Islands Forestry Division Number 53 21/88Haslett, A.N.; Young, G.D. and Britton, R.A.J.,1991,Plantation grown Tropical Timbers. 2. Properties, Processing and Uses,Journal of Tropical Forest Science 3(3):229-237Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1Lamb, A.F.A.,1968,Gmelina arborea,C.F.I. Department of Forestry, Oxford University. Fast growing timber,trees of the Lowland tropics No.1Meniado, J.A., Alonzo, D. and Tamolang, F.N.,1978,Wood Quality and Utilization of Philippine Plantation Species. III. Yemane,(Gmelina arborea Roxb.,Wood Quality and Utilization of tropical species. Proceedings IURFRO,Conference held at FORPRIDECOM, Laguna, Oct.30-Nov.3. Tamolang, F.N. (ed.)Murira, K.,1984,Natural Durability Tests of Tanzanian Timbers 1955 - 1982,Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Timber Utilisation Research Centre,,Moshi.Palmer, E.R., Gibbs, J.A.,1974,Pulping Characteristics of Gmelina arborea and Bursera simaruba from,Belize,Trop. Prod. Inst. Report L36Peh, T.B. and Khoo, K.C.,1984,Timber Properties of Acacia mangium, Gmelina arborea, Paraserianthes,falcataria and their utilization aspects.,The Malaysian Forester, Vol.47, No.4, pp.285-303.Poynton, R.J.,1957,Notes on Exotic Forest Trees in South Africa (Second Edition, Revised,South African Forestry Department Bulletin No.38Salleh, M.N. and W.C. Wong,1989,Utilization of Forest Plantation Trees.,Recent Developments in Tree,Plantations of Humid/Subhumid Tropics of Asia, 5-9 June 1989 Universiti,Pertanian Malaysia Proceedings of a Regional Symposium,Faculty of Forestry Universiti Pertanian MalaysiaSosanwo, O., Lindberg, J.J.,1975,Studies on Gmelina arborea part 1 chemical composition of Nigerian Gmelina,arborea wood species,Paperi Ja Puu 57(4) pp225-31Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7Tamolang, F.R. and Rocafort, J.E.,1987,Physico-Mechanical Properties and Possible Uses of Eleven Plantation-Grown,Timber Species in the Philippines,FPRDI-Journal 16:1-2,75-85Zulu, J.C.,1979,Prospects and problems of Gmelina arborea Linn. as a plantation species in,Zambia,Forest Department, Division of Forest Research, Zambia Research Note No.21 |
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