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Ramin (Gonystylus bancanus)
Family: Thymelaeaceae Common names: Ahmin, Asana, Badiako, Busilak, Claro, Gaharu, Gaharu buaya, Garu buaja, Garu buaya, Gerima, Gisok-babae, Gisok-puti, Lanutan bagio, Lanutan-bagio, Lapis kulit, Mala-apdo, Malagopinai, Malanagka, Malanangka, Manggasinoro, Medang keladi, Medang ramuan, Melawis, Menamang, Merang, Nangkaon, Panaguraring, Pandit, Panggatutup, Pinang baek, Pulai miang, Ramin, Ramin melawis, Ramin telur, Salasa-ai, Sepetis Distributed in: Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines (Oceania and S.E. Asia) Distribution overview: Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra) and Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak). G. bancanus differs from other species in the genus in being a peat-swamp species. Habitats are lowland freshwater swamp and coastal peat-swamp forest including peripheral mixed swamp forest and Shorea albida forest. Also found in heath forest. G. bancanus grows at altitudes up to 100m. In Peninsular Malaysia peat swamp forest occurs in low-lying plains just behind the coast, mainly in the central and southern parts of the peninsula. On the west coast the peat forests occur on heavy alluvial clay, whereas on the east coast they occur on coarse sand and white clay. Large areas of peat swamp forest have been cleared for agriculture, with extensive development of oil palm and pineapple plantations. Peat swamp forests are widespread in Sarawak, accounting for 14 736 km2 or 11.9% of the land area. Some conversion to rice and pineapple fields, and coconut and sago plantations has taken place but so far on a relatively small scale. Timber production has been the main use of the forests. The only extensive area of peat swamp with Gonystylus in Sabah is located in the south-west region. G. bancanus occurs in Indonesian peat swamp forests of Sumatra, Kalimantan and Irian Jaya. Estimates of the total peat area in Sumatra and Kalimantan vary between 16.5 and 27 million ha. The species is also a component of freshwater swamp forests in the lowlands of Sumatra, Kalimantan and Irian Jaya. Common uses: Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Broom handles, Brush backs & handles, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Door, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Factory flooring, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Handles, Handles: general, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Mathematical instruments, Moldings, Office furniture, Paneling , Paneling, Parquet flooring, Picture frames, Plywood, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rustic furniture, Shafts/Handles, Sporting Goods, Stools, Sub-flooring, Tables , Tool handles, Toys, Turnery Product sources: This general purpose, utility timber for interior applications is abundant within most of its native range. Shipping costs and the fact that Ramin is used for the same applications as many North American hardwoods such as, Maple are reported to make it less appealing. Ramin is therefore seldom available on the North American market in lumber form. It is often found both on the US and European markets preprocessed into materials such as plywood corestock, dowels and moldings. Environment profile: Status unsure as a result of insufficient information Tree size: Tree height is 10-20 m
Colors: the heart isWhite to cream, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodSame as heartwood, White to yellow.The grain isWeak figure, the textureMediumand the lusterSlightly lustrous
Natural durability: Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera), Susceptible to marine borer attack Odor: No distinct taste Kiln Schedules: UK=C US=T3C2/T3C1 Fr=3 Kiln Drying Rate: Slow (18-28 days for boards < 32 mm, to 52-84 days for boards >= 63 mm) Drying Defects: Slight twist/warp, Splitting Ease of Drying: Moderately Difficult to Difficult Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight Comments: Bands of tension wood may be present in the timber. Crystals are usually abundant.General finishing qualities are rated as good Mineral DepositsRamin has been compared to Hard maple in working properties, except that it is about 5 to 10 percent less dense, and slightly more porous. It is very close to Black walnut in density. Uses for Ramin are rather redundant with those of many native hardwoods of North America.Reaction Wood Blunting Effect: Medium effect Boring: Fairly easy to very easy Carving: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Cutting Resistance: Satisfactory sawing characteristics Gluing: Glues well Mortising: good Moulding: Good moulding properties Movement in Service: Good moulding properties Nailing: Possible if prebored, Tends to split during nailing Planing: Special attention suggested for best Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is permeable Resistance to Splitting: Poor
Response to hand tools: Good response to hand tools Routing recessing: Good routing qualities Sanding: Easy to sand
Veneering qualities: Moderately easy to veneer, No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting Steam bending: Very poor
Turning: Very Good to Excellent Results
Polishing: Very good; Staining: Satisfactory staining qualities; Varnishing: Satisfactory;
Max. crushing strength = high 0 Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low 0 Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium 0 Bending strength (MOR) = medium 0 Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. 0 Hardness (side grain) = soft 1 Bending strength (MOR) = high Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = very small Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Max. crushing strength = medium Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Shrinkage, Volumetric = fairly large Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = small Max. crushing strength = low Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate Max. crushing strength = very low Hardness (side grain) = very soft Bending strength (MOR) = low Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45Arno, J. 1991. Gonystylus bancanus - Ramin. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World, Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. Page 171-172.Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48Bodig, J. and B. A. Jayne. 1982. Mechanics of Wood and Wood Composites. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York.Browne, F.G.,1955,Forest Trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their Products.,Government Printing Office, Kuching, SarawakBrown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse UniversityBurgess, P.F.,1966,Timbers of Sabah,Sabah Forest Record, no.6C.S.I.R.O.,1977,Ramin (Gonystylus spp.,CSIRO Division of Building Research Information Service Sheet No.10-10Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Desch, H. E. 1957. Manual of Malayan Timbers. Malayan Forest Records, 28(30):315-318Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOFlemmioh, C.O.,1959,Timber Utilization in Malaysia,Malayan Forest Records 13, Govt. Printer SingaporeForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1969,The Movement of Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Technical Note,No.38HMSO.1972.Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition.Revised by R.H. Farmer.Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.I. Soerianegara and R.H.M.J. Lemmens (Editors,1993,Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5,(PROSEA, 1,Timber trees: Major commercial timbers,Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen 1993I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingKartasujana, I., Martawijaya, A.,1973,Commercial Woods of Indonesia,Forest Products Research Institute, Department Pertanian, Bogor Indonesia,Report No.3Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1Lavers, G. M.1966.The Strength Properties of Timbers.Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50.Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)Lee, Y.H., et al,1974,Commercial Timbers of Peninsular Malaysia,Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Department of Forestry Peninsular Malaysia and,Malaysian Timber Industry BoardLee, Y.H., Lopez, D.T.,1968,The Machining Properties of some Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester,3,pp194-210Luchi, G.,1971,Imbianchimento del legno colpilo dai funghi dell'azzurramento Consiglio,Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Instituto del legno, Florence.,Contrib. Sci-Pratico per una migliore conoscenza ed utilizzazione del,legno 14(31) pp55-60Martawijaya, A., Kadir, K., Kartasujana, I.,1986,Indonesian Wood Atlas. Vol.1.,Department of Forestry Agency for Forestry Research and Development.,Bogar-IndonesiaMenon, P.K.B.,1959,The wood anatomy of Malayan timbers: commercial timbers, 3. Light,hardwoods,Malaysian Forest Research Institute Kepong, Research Pamplet, No. 27.Ong Tiow Hui,1971,Durability of timber for foundation piling,The Malayan Forester 34(3) pp225-38Redding, L.W.,1971,Resistance of Timbers to Impregnation with Creosote,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Bulletin No.54 pp.43Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. LondonReyes, L.J.,1938,Philippine Woods,Commonwealth of the Philippines Department of Agriculture and Commerce,Technical Bulletin,No.7Sarawak - Borneo Lit.Bureau,1961,Common Sarawak timbers,Borneo Lit. Bureau for Sarawak Forestry DepartmentSarawak Forestry Department,1954,Trees and Timbers of Sarawak and Brunei,Sarawak Forestry Department Leaflet No.37Soetopo, M., Et al,1958,Ramin (Gonystylus bancanus Kurz) exploitation in the colony of Sarawak,Rimba, Indonesia 7(3/4) pp149-53Stadelman, R.C.,1966,Forests of South-East Asia,Wimmer Bros., Memphis TennesseeStewart, A.M., Kloot, N.H.,1957,Mechanical Properties of Timbers,C.S.I.R.O., Australia Bulletin,No.279Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7U.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72Whitmore, T.C.,1973,Tree Flora of Malaya A Manual for Foresters Volume 2,Forest Department Ministry of Primary Industries Malaysia |
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