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Agba (Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum)
Family: Leguminosae Common names: Achi, Achi-aro, Agba, Agbara, Boana, Dembo, Ditchipi, Egba, Emonga, Emongi, Loshi-erin, Mboron, Moboron, Mpele, Mpere, Mupaka, Mushilu mutoke, Mutsekamambole, N'Tola, Nigerian cedar, Ntola, Okimeten, Pink mahogany, Tola, Tola blanc, Tola branca, Tshibudimbu tshitoke, White tola Distributed in: Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Zaire (Africa) Distribution overview: Endemic to the Guineo-Congolian region. G. balsamiferum occurs in Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria and Zaire. This shade-tolerant species usually grows in mature little-disturbed forest (evergreen or semi- deciduous) and occurs at elevations below 500m. This species flourishes on ferruginous soils derived from secondary sediments. It is absent or rare from part of its range within the main Nigeria-Zaire forest block. In the Congo, in the forest zone between Louessnd Niari of Makabana, stands of G. balsamiferum are found with 5 or 6 exploitable trees per hectare. It favors deep soil and plenty of moisture. Common uses: Balusters, Boat building (general), Boat building, Boat building: decking, Boat building: planking, Boxes and crates, Bridge construction, Building construction, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Carvings, Chairs, Chests, Coffins, Concealed parts (Furniture), Concrete formwork, Construction, Cooperages, Core Stock, Decorative plywood, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Lifeboats, Light construction, Living-room suites, Millwork, Moldings, Musical instruments: piano, Office furniture, Paneling, Parquet flooring, Particleboard, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Plywood: veneer (marine), Poles, Pulp/Paper products, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Railroad ties, Rustic furniture, Shipbuilding, Sporting Goods, Stairworks, Tool handles, Toys, Turnery, Vats, Vehicle parts, Veneer: decorative Product sources: Although the species is abundant and relatively inexpensive, it is seldom available through retailers of hardwoods for furniture in North America. Supplies are mostly in Europe, but Agba is also often found in the US as corestock in plywood or as the secondary wood in furniture from Europe. Agba is not actively sought after on the US market because many domestic species which are in abundant supplies can be used for the same applications. The wood matchs with Oak veneer, which can save money on solid sections. Environment profile: Generally secure within its natural habitat Tree size: Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm
Colors: the heart isYellow to golden-yellow to orange, Yellowish brownand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isWeak figure, the textureMediumand the lusterSlightly lustrous
Natural durability: Very durable, Very durable Odor: Resinous wood has peppery odor when freshly cut Silica Content: Siliceous LightInduced Color Change: Darker
Kiln Schedules: UK=J US=T10D5S/T8D4S Fr=4 Kiln Drying Rate: Naturally dries slowly Drying Defects: Splitting, Warping can be expected Ease of Drying: Slowly Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect: Slight effect Boring: Good (75+ pieces out of 100 will yield good to excellent results) Carving: Good carving characteristics Cutting Resistance: Low cutting resistance Gluing: Good gluing properties Mortising: Very Good to Excellent Moulding: Very Good to Excellent Movement in Service: Very Good to Excellent Nailing: Satisfactory nailing properties, Very Good to Excellent Planing: Very Good to Excellent Resistance to Abrasion: High
Resistance to Impregnation: Resistant sapwood Response to hand tools: Variable qualities Routing recessing: Good routing qualities Sanding: Good sanding qualities Veneering qualities: Veneers easily, Veneers moderately easy Steam bending: Moderate
Screwing: Screwing yields good results, Very Good to Excellent Results; Turning: Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Painting: Poor; Polishing: Very Good to Excellent; Staining: Very Good to Excellent;
Bending strength (MOR) = low 0 Max. crushing strength = medium 0 Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. 0 Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low 0 Shrinkage, Radial = very small 0 Hardness (side grain) = soft 0 Shrinkage, Tangential = very small 1 Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low 0 Max. crushing strength = low Hardness (side grain) = very soft Bending strength (MOR) = medium Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Shrinkage, Volumetric = small Shrinkage, Tangential = small Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low Shrinkage, Volumetric = very small Shrinkage, Radial = small Work to Maximum Load = very low Toughness (total work) = very low Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Bending strength (MOR) = very low Agba is similar in density to Yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera ), but it has a somewhat coarser texture. Its strength properties are comparable, but slightly inferior to the true Mahoganies (Swietenia and Khaya ). The timber is described as a general purpose lumber, but high gum content and relative softness make it less desirable as a primary choice for fine furniture. It is usually available in wide boards, and is very stable, which makes it suitable as a secondary material for interior panels, drawer sides, and veneer core stock. Antoine, R.C., et al,1959,Le Debit des Bois a la Scie a Ruban,I.N.E.A.C. Belgium Serie Tech., 57Arkwright, P.,1961,Know your Timbers No.82 Agba (Gossweilodendron balsamiferum,Woodworking Industry,18(2, p95Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45Arno, J. 1992. Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum - Agba. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World, Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. Page 173-174.Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48Banks, C.H.,1954,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with Particular Reference to those,grown in the Union of South Africa,Journal of the South African Forestry Association,No. 24 pp.44-65,[South,African Forestry Journal]Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1953,Agba (Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,23,pp17-20Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1965,Androstachys johnsonii,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,No.103, p60Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building ResearchBolza, E.,1976,Timber and Health,Div. Building Res. C.S.I.R.O. AustraliaBrown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse UniversityChudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Clifford, N.,1952,Tropical Hardwoods for Building,Builder,110(5689, pp338-9Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. LondonCox, H.A.,1939,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes RisboroughDalziel, J.M.,1937,The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa,Crown Agents for the ColoniesDesch, H.E.,1948,The Cedars,Wood 13(2) pp40-3Edlin, H.L. 1969. What Wood is That?: A Manual of Wood Identification. A Studio Book, The Viking Press, New York.Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry DepartmentFarmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1950,The Seasoning Properties of Exotic Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research Leaflet,No.44 and supplements 1 & 2Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1955,Kiln-Drying Schedules,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment Leaflet,No.42Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research EstablishmentFortin, Y., Poliquin, J.,1976,Natural Durability and Preservation of 100 Tropical African Woods,International Development Research Centre, CanadaFouarge, J., Gerard, G.,1964,Bois du Mayumbe,I.N.E.A.C. BelguimFouarge, J.,1950,Appropriation de Bois Congolais aux Besoins de la Metropole,I.N.E.A.C. Belgium Serie Technique,No.38Fouarge, J.,1970,Essais Physiques,Mecaniques et de Durabilite de Bois de la Republique,Democratique du Congo,I.N.E.A.C. Belgium Serie Technique,No.76France - C.T.F.T.,1962,Resultats des Observations et des Essais Effectues au CTFT sur le Tola -,Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum,C.T.F.T.,Information Tec.,No.149France - C.T.F.T.,1966,Bois Tropicaux,C.T.F.T. Publ.,12France - C.T.F.T.,1973,Investigations and Tests carried out on Tropical Timber by several,Research Laboratories,CTFTFrance - C.T.F.T.,1977,Promotion of African Timbers - New Species,CTFT,35 LeafletsFrance - C.T.F.T.,Recuil de Fiches Techniques,C.T.F.T.Hughes, J.F.,1971,The Principal Timber Trees of Cameroon,Unpublished dataI.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingITTO.1986.Tropical Timber Atlas, Volume 1 - Africa.International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) and Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, 45bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France.ITTO.1986.Tropical Timber Atlas, Volume 1 - Africa.International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) and Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, 45bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France. (Shrinkage data only).ITTO. New Marketable Species Technical Notes. Prepared by Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, Division of CIRAD, 45 bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, 94736 Nogent-sur-marne Cedex, France.Jay, B.A.,1968,Timbers of West Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesKeay, R.W.J.1989. Trees of Nigeria.Revised Version of Nigerian Trees. Clarendon Press, Oxford.Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12Kribs, D.A.,1950,Commercial and Foreign Woods on the American Market (a manual to their,structure, identification, uses and distribution,U.S.A. Penn. State College, Tropical Woods LaboratoryKukachka, B.F.,1961,Foreign Wood Series-Agba (Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Report No.2024Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125Lavers, G.M. 1967. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50 (Spersedes Bulletin No. 45). Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)Lebacq, L., Dechamps, R.,1967,Contribution a un Inventaire de Forets du Nord-kasai,Musee Royal de L'Afrique Centrale Belgium Annals Series 8 No.5Ousbey, J.H.,1959,Different Methods for Finishing Agba,Timber Technology,67(2237,p115Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressPieters, A.,1977,Essences Forestieres du Zaire,R.U.G. Gent BelguimRendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. LondonSallenave, P.,1964,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Premier Supplement,C.T.F.T. Publ.,no.23Sandermann, W., Feht, F.,1955,Some chemical and technological investigations on the wood of Agba,Translated by the Timber Dev. Assoc. Ltd from Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff,1955 13(8) 292-301.Scott, M.H.,1950,Notes on the more Important African Timbers Imported into the Union with,Special Ref. to Port. E.A. Species,Journal of the South African Forestry Association,No.19,pp18-62,[South,African Forestry Journal]Seabra, L., Ferreirinha, M.P.,1960,Ficha Techologica e Florestal-Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum,Junta das Miss. Geog. Invest. do. Ultrama Garcia de Orta,8(2,pp279-83Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1956,Survey of African woods 1,Tropical Woods,115(105,pp 13-38Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1957,Survey of Africa Woods 3,Tropical Woods 16(107) pp92-128Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7Thomas, A.V.,1964,Timbers Used in the Boat Building Industry A Survey,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research,LaboratoryTimber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.Timber Development Association,1948,Some New Timbers and Their Uses No. 34,Timber Development Association Limited, London [TRADA]U.A.C.O. Timber Review,1962,A good all-rounder -Agba (Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum,U.A.C.O. Timber Review,6, pp2-6U.K. - Colonial Forest Resources Development Department,1939,British Colonial Timbers - Woods recommended for Various Uses,Colonial Forest Resources Development Department,LondonWood, B., Calnan, D.,1976,Toxic Woods,British Journal of Dermat 94 Suppl. 13 |
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