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Silky oak (Grevillea robusta)
Family: Proteaceae Common names: Australian silky oak, Australian silky-oak, Carvalho sedoso, East African silky oak, Gravilea, Greirllea, Grevilea, Grevilia, Grevillea, Helecho, Kawilia, Lacewood, Pino rojo, Roble de pelota, Roble de seda, Roble redoso, Silk oak grevillea, Silky oak, Southern silky oak, Tuggan-tuggan Distributed in: Australia, South Africa, United States (North America, Oceania and S.E. Asia) Distribution overview: Native to eastern Australia but planted extensively as a shade tree for coffee and tea plantations and as an ornamental in tropical and subtropical regions. Can be found in Tanganyika and some areas of the U.S. It has gained widespread popularity in warm temperate, subtropical and tropical highland regions of many countries, originally as a shade tree for tea and coffee and more recently as an agroforestry tree for small farms. It provides economically valuable products including timber, poles, firewood and leaf mulch; it is easy to propagate and establish and is relatively free of pests and diseases; its proteoid roots help it grow in low-fertility soils; it does not compete strongly with adjacent crops; and it tolerates heavy pruning of its roots and branches. The natural habitat of G. robusta is in northern New South Wales and southern Queensland, Australia, where it occurs from the east coast to as far west as the Bunya Mountains, Queensland, up to an altitude of 1120 m. Common uses: Agricultural implements, Balusters, Bedroom suites, Boxes and crates, Brush backs & handles, Building construction, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Casks, Chairs, Chests, Coffins, Concealed parts (Furniture), Concrete formwork, Construction, Cooperages, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Factory flooring, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Moldings, Office furniture, Packing cases, Paneling, Parquet flooring, Particleboard, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Pulpwood, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rustic furniture, Stairworks, Toys, Turnery, Vats, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative Product sources: Silky oak is costly on the US market because of transportation costs and special processing costs required to maximize its figure. The material is available in adequate supplies in its native Australia. Environment profile: Status has not been officially assessed Tree size: Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm
Colors: the heart isYellow, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isWavy, the textureVery fineand the lusterMedium
Natural durability: Susceptible to marine borer attack, Very durable Odor: No specific smell or taste
LightInduced Color Change: Darker
Kiln Schedules: UK=C US=T3C2/T3C1 Fr=3 Kiln Drying Rate: Slow (18-28 days for boards < 32 mm, to 52-84 days for boards >= 63 mm) Drying Defects: Slight twist/warp, Splitting Ease of Drying: Variable Comments: Deposits and Other Growth FeaturesSilky-Oak is closely similar to American mahogany (Swietenia ) in most strength properties. It is rated much weaker than all the true Oaks, but its strength properties are adequate for use in fine furniture.Vessels contain red deposits, and some trees contain small knots and numerous gum streaks Blunting Effect: Moderate Boring: Very good results Carving: Very Good to Excellent Results Cutting Resistance: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw Gluing: Moderate gluing properties Mortising: Moderately easy to mortise Moulding: Moulding ease is moderate Movement in Service: Moulding ease is moderate Nailing: Nails hold poorly, Poor to Very Poor Planing: Very Good to Excellent Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is permeable Resistance to Splitting: Poor
Response to hand tools: Responds Readily Routing recessing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Sanding: Good sanding qualities Veneering qualities: Veneers easily, Veneers moderately easy Steam bending: Moderate
Screwing: Fair to Good Results, Fairly Easy to Very Easy; Turning: Poor results
Painting: Fairly Easy to Very Easy; Polishing: Very good; Staining: Very good staining properties; Varnishing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy;
Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. 0 Bending strength (MOR) = low 0 Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low 0 Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. 0 Max. crushing strength = low 1 Shrinkage, Radial = very small Max. crushing strength = medium Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Hardness (side grain) = soft Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Radial = small Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = medium Arno, J. 1992. Grevillea robusta - Silky oak. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World, Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. Page 175-176.Audas, J.W.,Native Trees of Australia,Whitcombe & Tombs PTY. LtdAustralia - N.S.W. Forestry Commission,1968,Working Properties of some Native and Imported Timbers,Forestry Commission of New South Wales, Technical Publication No.8Australia - N.S.W. Forestry Commission,1988,Furniture Timbers of New South Wales,Forest Commission, N.S.W., Aust. Tech. Publication No.1Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48Banks, C.H.,1954,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with Particular Reference to those,grown in the Union of South Africa,Journal of the South African Forestry Association,No. 24 pp.44-65,[South,African Forestry Journal]Banks, C.H.,1970,The Durability of South African Wood and Wood Base Building Materials,South African Forestry Journal,No.75Berni, C.A., Bolza, E., Christensen, F.J.,1979,South American Timbers - The Characteristics, Properties and Uses of 190,Species,C.S.I.R.O Div. Building ResearchBois, P.J.,1966,The Strength Properties of Tanzania Timbers,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi Tech. Note, No.35Bolza, E. and N.H. Kloot.1963.The Mechanical Properties of 174 Australian Timbers.Division of Forest Products Technological Paper No. 25.Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia.Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building ResearchBolza, E., Kloot, N.H.,1963,The Mechanical Properties of 174 Australian Timbers,C.S.I.R.O. Division of Forest Products Technological Paper,No.25Bolza, E.,1976,Timber and Health,Div. Building Res. C.S.I.R.O. AustraliaBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 8 Australasia,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesBryce, J.M., Norcross, H.,1961,The Resistance of Tanganyika Timbers to Impregnation,Tanzania Forest Dept. Util. Sec .Tech. Note,No.28Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOFrance - C.T.F.T./C.T.B.,1982,Guide pour le Choix des Essences Deroulables-pour la fabrication du,contreplaque,C.T.F.T./C.T.B. FranceGay, F.J., Et al,1955,Standard laboratory colonies of termites for evaluating the resistance of,timber, timber preservatives and other materials to termite attack.,C.S.I.R.O., Australia Bulletin,No.277HMSO.1972.Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition.Revised by R.H. Farmer.Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingKeating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1Kloot, N.H. and E. Bolza. 1961. Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia. Division of Forest Products Technological Paper No. 12. Commonwealth scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia.Murira, K.,1984,Natural Durability Tests of Tanzanian Timbers 1955 - 1982,Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Timber Utilisation Research Centre,,Moshi.Patterson, D.N.,1963,The strength of Kenya timbers, their derivation and application,Kenya Forestry Department Research Bulletin,No.23Poynton, R.J.,1972,Characteristics and uses of trees and shrubs,South African Forestry Department Bulletin,No.39Scott, M.H.,1935,Weights of South African Growth Timbers,South African Department of Agriculture and Forestry Bulletin,No.145,Forest Products Institute, Forestry Series No.1Scott, M.H.,1953,Utilisation Notes on South African Timbers,South African Forestry Department Bulletin No.36Swabey, C.,1941,The Principal Timbers of Jamaica,Department of Science and Agriculture Jamaica Bulletin No.29Takahashi, A.,1975,Compilation of data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part 2,Central and South America,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No.4Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7Tanzania - Timber Marketing Co. Ltd.,1978,Timber from TanzaniaTanzania Forest Department,1960,The Natural Durability of Local Timbers,Tanzanian Forest Dept. Tech. Note,No.14Tanzania Forest Department,1961,The Movement of Timbers Technical Note No.29,Tanzania Forest Department, Utilisation Division Technical NoteTanzania Forest Department,1966,Flooring Timbers,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi - Timbers of TanganyikaTanzania Forest Division,1962,Grevillea robusta (African silky oak: Southern silky oak: Kawilia,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi - Timbers of TanganyikaTanzania Forest Division,1966,Kiln Drying Schedules for Tanzania Timbers Technical Note no.38,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. MoshiUganda Forest Department,1954,The Mechanical Properties of some Ugandan Timbers,Uganda Forest Department Timber Leaflet,No.1Uganda Forestry Department,1954,Pilot tests of strength properties of some Ugandan grown timbers,Uganda Forest Department Timber leaflet No. 46Youngs, R.L.,1964,Hardness, density and shrinkage characteristics of silk oak from Hawaii,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison Research Note 074 |
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