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Lignumvitae
Lignumvitae (Guaiacum spp.)

Family: Zygophyllaceae

Common names: Guayacan, Lignumvitae, Palo santo

Distributed in: Bahamas, Columbia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, United States, Venezuela (Central America)

Distribution overview: West Indies, coastal region of tropical Mexico, west coast of Central America, and northern fringe of Colombia and adjacent areas in Venezuela.￿ Largely confined to dry exposed sites and does well on shallow soils.

Common uses: Bearings & bushings, Bushing blocks, Farm vehicles, Machinery parts, Naval architecture, Pulley sheaves, Textile equipment, Turnery, Wheels

Product sources: Lignum vitae is available in the form of small logs and is sold by weight. The material is typically marketed in pre-fabricated shapes for specific uses, and rarely in lumber form.

Environment profile: Source- Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species -CITES

Tree size: Trunk diameter is 200-250 cm

Colors: the heart isPink, Redand the sapwoodWhite, Yellow.The grain isVery irregular and roey, the textureVery fineand the lusterHigh

Natural durability: Resistant to termites, Susceptible to insect attack

Odor: May have a mild taste The timber is slightly scented when it is warmed or rubbed, and the taste has been decsribed as slightly acidic

Silica Content: Siliceous

Kiln Schedules: T2 - C2 (4/4) T2 - C1 (8/4) US/T2 - C2 (4/4) T2 - C1 (8/4) U

Kiln Drying Rate: Naturally dries slowly

Drying Defects: Shakes, Splitting

Ease of Drying: Slowly

Comments: Lignum vitae is reported to produce some of the heaviest and hardest timbers on the market. Strength properties are very high, and the wood is unequalled as material for ships' propeller bushings and bearings. The timber is reported to last about three times as long as steel or bronze for these applications because of its self lubricating properties.SplittingStraight grained material is difficult to split radially

Blunting Effect: Moderate

Boring: Fairly easy to very easy

Carving: Poor response to carving operations

Cutting Resistance: Easy to saw The timber is very hard and heavy, and the heartwood is very difficult to saw. The sapwood is much less hard and brittle

Gluing: Use special attention for best results

Mortising: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Moulding: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Movement in Service: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Nailing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy, Poor to Very Poor

Planing: Very Good to Excellent

Resistance to Impregnation: Resistant sapwood

Response to hand tools: Responds Readily

Routing recessing: Poor routing characteristics

Sanding: Very Good to Excellent Results

Veneering qualities: Suitable for slicing, Veneers easily

Screwing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy, Pre-boring recommended; Turning: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Polishing: Very Good to Excellent; Staining: Fairly Easy to Very Easy;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity 0,97 1,15
Density 1233 kg/m3
Bending Strength kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 785 kg/cm2
Hardness 2000 kg
Impact Strength cm
Shearing Strength kg/cm2
Stiffness 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage %
Radial Shrinkage %
Weight kg/m3
Maximum Load cm-kg/cm3
Toughness 186 cm-kg
Static Bending kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Density 77 lbs/ft3
Hardness 4410 lbs
Maximum Crushing Strength 11172 psi
Toughness 162 inch-lbs
Specific Gravity 0.97 1.15
Weight 74 61. lbs/ft3


Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Hardwoods - Temperate and Tropical. USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Jackson, A. and D. Day.1991.Good Wood Handbook - The Woodworker's Guide to Identifying, Selecting and Using the Right Wood.Betterway Publications, Cincinnati, Ohio.Kline, M. 1976. Guaiacum officinale - Lignumvitae. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. Page 178-179.Little, E.L.1980.The Audobon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Western Region.Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.
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