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Niangon
Niangon (Heritiera utilis)

Family: Sterculiaceae

Common names: Atabene, Awabima, Bai, Cola mahogany, Damlu, De-orh, Denerenafa, Fiya-yaw, Hamon, Ka-fol-fol, Kwaeduma, Niangon, Nyangoe, Nyangoule, Nyangwen, Nyangwene, Nyankom, Nyankum, Nyanwen, Nyanwone, Nyawene, Ogoue, Pteryyota wawampe'e, Red cedar, Rezogoue, Wishmore, Wismore, Yankom, Yankun, Yauwi, Yaw, Yawe, Yawi-kaima, Yawii, Yawio

Distributed in: Cameroon, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Senegal, Sierra Leone (Africa)

Distribution overview: C￿d'Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia and Sierra Leone. The species occurs in lowland evergreen wet and moist forest and swamp forest.A timber species which occurs commonly in remaining areas of forest in the Upper Guinea region and Gabon, especially evergreen forest.

Common uses: Agricultural implements, Boat building (general), Boat building, Boat building: decking, Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Decorative veneer, Flooring, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture, General carpentry, Greenhouses, Handles: woodworking tools, Heavy construction, Joinery, Lifeboats, Light construction, Millwork, Mine timbers, Moldings, Plywood, Posts, Railroad ties, Shingles, Shipbuilding, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Veneer

Product sources: The timber is often marketed with another similar but darker and somewhat heavier wood produced by (H. densiflora) which grows mainly in Central Africa under the trade name Niangon. The International Tropical Timbers Organization reports that Niangon is a fairly important source of timber in the producing countries, although prduction is decreasing. Niangon is a regular export commodity.

Environment profile: Vulnerable with the possibility of extinction in the future

Tree size: Tree height is 20-30 m

Colors: the heart isPale red to pink, Reddish brownand the sapwoodWhitish, Yellow.The grain isWavy, the textureMedium to coarseand the lusterSlightly lustrous

Natural durability: Susceptible to insect attack, Susceptible to marine borer attack

Odor: Unpleasant odor

Kiln Schedules: UK=E US=T6D2/T3D1 Fr=5

Kiln Drying Rate: Fairly rapid (11-17 days for boards under 32 mm, to 31-51 days for boards greater than 63 mm)

Drying Defects: Slight end splitting, Slight surface checking

Ease of Drying: Easy

Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight

Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good Hard, strong wood recommended for external door frames and greenhouses

Blunting Effect: Medium effect

Boring: Moderately easy

Cutting Resistance: Difficult to saw

Gluing: May require surface treatment for best results

Moulding: Poor moulding

Movement in Service: Poor moulding

Nailing: Holds nails well, Tends to split during nailing

Planing: Reduction of cutting angle prevents tearing in quartersawn material

Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is resistant

Response to hand tools: Variable qualities

Sanding: Easy to sand

Veneering qualities: There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits, Various figures can yield decorative veneers

Steam bending: Moderate

Screwing: Easy to screw ;

Polishing: Satisfactory; Staining: Finish is generally good;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity 0,5 0,52
Density 641 kg/m3
Bending Strength 684 964 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 331 497 kg/cm2
Hardness 589 kg
Impact Strength 68 71 cm
Shearing Strength 112 kg/cm2
Stiffness 88 101 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage %
Radial Shrinkage 4 %
Weight 641 624 kg/m3
Maximum Load 0,7 0,7 cm-kg/cm3
Toughness cm-kg
Static Bending kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 9735 13714 psi
Density 40 lbs/ft3
Hardness 1299 lbs
Impact Strength 27 28 inches
Maximum Crushing Strength 4721 7077 psi
Shearing Strength 1597 psi
Stiffness 1260 1448 1000 psi
Work to Maximum Load 10 10 inch-lbs/in3
Specific Gravity 0.5 0.52
Weight 40 39 lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage 4 %
Tangential Shrinkage 8 %

Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. 0
Max. crushing strength = medium 0
Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. 0
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low 0
Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. 0
Hardness (side grain) = medium 1
Bending strength (MOR) = medium 0
Shrinkage, Radial = small
Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate
Bending strength (MOR) = low
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low
Shrinkage, Volumetric = fairly large
Shrinkage, Radial = moderate
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low
Hardness (side grain) = soft
Shrinkage, Volumetric = large
Shrinkage, Tangential = small
Shrinkage, Radial = very small
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium
Bending strength (MOR) = high
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low
Shrinkage, Radial = large
Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low
Max. crushing strength = high
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high
Bending strength (MOR) = very high

Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48Banks, C.H.,1954,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with Particular Reference to those,grown in the Union of South Africa,Journal of the South African Forestry Association,No. 24 pp.44-65,[South,African Forestry Journal]Bentum, A.L.K.,1969,Properties of Ghanaian Timbers - Nyankom (Tarrietia utilis,F.P.R.I. Ghana 33(2, pp21-3Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building ResearchBoone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse UniversityChudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Cooper, G.P., Record, S.J.,1931,The Evergreen Forests of Liberia,Yale School Forestry Bulletin,31,pp1-153Cudjoe, F.S.,1969,A Key to the Family Sterculiaceae in Ghana,Forest Prod. Res. Inst. Ghana Tech. Note, No.7Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry DepartmentFarmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1967,The Steam Bending Properties of various timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Leaflet,No.45Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1969,The Movement of Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Technical Note,No.38Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research EstablishmentFrance - C.T.F.T./C.T.B.,1982,Guide pour le Choix des Essences Deroulables-pour la fabrication du,contreplaque,C.T.F.T./C.T.B. FranceFrance - C.T.F.T.,1966,Bois Tropicaux,C.T.F.T. Publ.,12Ghana - Timber Marketing Board,1969,Ghana Hardwoods,Timber Marketing BoardHMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingIrvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. LondonITTO. 1986. Tropical Timber Atlas, Volume 1 - Africa. Prepared for International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) by Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, Division of CIRAD, 45bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France.Jay, B.A.,1968,Timbers of West Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesKinloch, D., Miller, W.A.,1949,Gold Coast Timbers,Govt. Printer Gold CoastKoelmeyer, K.O.,1954,Silvicultural Notes on Trees - Satin,Ceylon Forester(ns,1(3,pp59-67Kryn, J.M., Forbes, E.W.,1959,The Woods of Liberia,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture,Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Report No. 2159Kukachka, B.F.,1962,Characters of Some Imported Woods,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Foreign Wood Series,No.2242Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125Kunkel, G.,1965,The Trees of Liberia,German Forestry Mission to Liberia Report,No.3Lavers, G.M. 1967. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50 (Spersedes Bulletin No. 45). Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc. Fresno, California.Organisation for European Economic Co-operation,1951,African Tropical Timber (Nomenclature, Description,OEECPatterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressRendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. LondonSallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.TSallenave, P.,1961,Niangon de C￿ D'Iviore et Niangon du Gabon,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,No.76 pp.45-54.Sallenave, P.,1964,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Premier Supplement,C.T.F.T. Publ.,no.23Savill, P.S., Fox, J.E.D.,1967,Trees of Sierra LeoneSpalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1956,Survey of African woods 1,Tropical Woods,115(105,pp 13-38Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1959,Survey of Africa Woods 4,Tropical Woods 17(110) pp42-115Taylor, C.J.,1960,Synecology and Silviculture in Ghana,University College of Ghana Thomas Nelson and SonsTimber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionVoorhoeve, A.G.,1965,Liberian High Forest Trees,Centre for Agric. Publishing and Documentation, WageningenWCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing: Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center (WCMC, Plants Program, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.Wood, B., Calnan, D.,1976,Toxic Woods,British Journal of Dermat 94 Suppl. 13
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