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Kwila
Kwila (Intsia bijuga)

Family: Caesalpiniaceae

Common names: Ai fra mas, Aizella, Bafn ooi, Bendora, Borneo teak, Choyo, Dedira, Dort, Dowora, Eh, Finuki-ukaba, Ghughole, Go nvoe, Go-nuoe, Gox nuwowse, Hintzy, Ifet, Ifil, Ihili, Ipi, Ipil, Isere, Ivili, Kaboing, Kajoe besi, Kayu besi, Kebuk, Kelo, Kivili, Krakas prek, Kubok, Kubuk, Kuren, Kwila, Lehase, Lumpha, Lumpho, Lumpho-thale, Makhamong, Makhar, Maroeasi, Melila, Mer, Merbau, Merbau changkat, Merbaue, Mirabow, Moluccan ijzerhout, Moluccan ironwood, Nityanmis, Ombong, Pas, Pradu-thale, Sabol, Sekka, Show, Sira, Tariti, Tashiro-mame, Tat-talun, Telat, Thort, Tos, Tuamis, U'ula, Vesi, Vuvuta, Wantal, Waroeasi, Wesele, Zolt, Zort

Distributed in: Australia, Fiji [Polynesia], Fiji, India, Indonesia, Madagascar, New Caledonia Island [France], New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Vietnam (Africa, Oceania and S.E. Asia)

Distribution overview: American Samoa, Australia, Burma, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Madagascar (at low altitudes in the west), Malaysia, Myanmar, Pacific Islands, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Seychelles, Tanzania, Thailand, and Viet Nam. It is a tree of lowland, tropical rain forest which is often found in coastal areas bordering mangrove swamps, rivers, or floodplains. It is also found inland up to 600m, in primary or old secondary forests.

Common uses: Agricultural implements, Bedroom suites, Boat building (general), Boat building, Boat building: decking, Boat building: framing, Boat building: planking, Bridge construction, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Carvings, Construction, Crossties, Decks, Domestic flooring, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Factory construction, Flooring, Flooring: commercial heavy traffic, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Furniture , Furniture, Handles, Handles: general, Heavy construction, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Ladders, Lifeboats, Light construction, Living-room suites, Mathematical instruments, Mine timbers, Musical instruments, Office furniture, Paneling, Parquet flooring, Piling, Poles, Posts, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Railroad ties, Shafts/Handles, Shipbuilding, Sporting Goods, Sub-flooring, Tool handles, Toys, Turnery, Vats, Vehicle parts, Veneer: decorative, Wharf construction

Environment profile: Rare

Tree size: Tree height is 10-20 m The tree is described as large in size, developing boles that are often short and thick

Colors: the heart isReddish brown, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodWell defined, White to yellow.The grain isWavy, the textureOily feel and the lusterSlightly lustrous

Natural durability: Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles, Very durable

Odor: Characteristic odor, easily detectable when worked.

LightInduced Color Change: Darker

Kiln Schedules: Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rapid

Kiln Drying Rate: Rapid (<10 days for boards < 32 mm, to <30 days for boards >= 63 mm)

Drying Defects: Slight surface checking, Splitting

Ease of Drying: Thick Stock Requires Care

Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight

Comments: Deposits and Reaction with Textiles - Pores usually contain water soluble yellowish deposits which are conspicuous on wood surface. A dark brown gummy substance which may stain textiles is also reported to leach out steadily with water.General finishing qualities are rated as good The timber is described as moderately heavy and moderately hard, with strength properties that are similar to those of Hickory (Carya ), but it is less dense.

Blunting Effect: Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is moderate

Boring: Severe dulling effect on cutting edges

Carving: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Cutting Resistance: Saw teeth are gummed up easily and dulled quickly

Gluing: Moderate gluing properties The wood is reported to glue well (except with casein glues) but requires considerable filling. Oily surfaces may cause difficulties.

Mortising: Finishes well

Moulding: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Movement in Service: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Nailing: Pre-boring recommended, Tends to split during nailing

Planing: Planes well, to a good finish

Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is resistant

Resistance to Splitting: Poor

Response to hand tools: Variable qualities

Routing recessing: Good routing properties

Sanding: Very Good to Excellent Results

Veneering qualities: Suitable for peeling, Suitable for slicing

Steam bending: Poor because of oil exudations

Screwing: Poor to Very Poor Results, Screwing yields good results; Turning: Poor results

Painting: Takes paint well ; Polishing: Satisfactory; Staining: Stains well; Varnishing: Takes varnish well ;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity 0,63 0,65
Density 785 kg/m3
Bending Strength 1004 1413 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 99 125 kg/cm2
Hardness 855 kg
Impact Strength cm
Shearing Strength 188 kg/cm2
Stiffness 145 168 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage 4 %
Radial Shrinkage 2 %
Weight 865 769 kg/m3
Maximum Load cm-kg/cm3
Toughness 547 cm-kg
Static Bending 571 722 kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 14282 20110 psi
Crushing Strength 1411 1784 psi
Density 49 lbs/ft3
Hardness 1885 lbs
Maximum Crushing Strength 7292 10062 psi
Shearing Strength 2677 psi
Static Bending 8126 10272 psi
Stiffness 2072 2393 1000 psi
Toughness 475 inch-lbs
Specific Gravity 0.63 0.65
Weight 54 48 lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage 2 %
Tangential Shrinkage 4 %
Volumetric Shrinkage 8 %

Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. 0
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high 0
Max. crushing strength = high 0
Bending strength (MOR) = high 0
Density (dry weight) = 53 - 60 lbs/cu. ft. 0
Shrinkage, Tangential = very small 0
Shrinkage, Radial = very small 0
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high 0
Hardness (side grain) = hard
Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft.
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium
Hardness (side grain) = medium
Shrinkage, Tangential = small
Shrinkage, Radial = small
Bending strength (MOR) = very high
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very high
Density (dry weight) = 61 - 67 lbs/cu. ft.
Max crushing strength = very high
Bending strength (MOR) = medium

Alston, A.S.,1966,Natural Heartwood Durability,Fiji Forestry Department, Suva. Fiji timbers and their uses No. 2Alston, A.S.,1966,Powder Post Beetle Lyctus Species,Fiji Forestry Department, Suva. Fiji timbers and their uses No.6Alston, A.S.,1982,Timbers of Fiji: Properties and potential uses,Fiji Forestry Department, SuvaBolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building ResearchBolza, E., Kloot, N.H.,1963,The Mechanical Properties of 174 Australian Timbers,C.S.I.R.O. Division of Forest Products Technological Paper,No.25Bolza, E., Kloot, N.H.,1972,The Mechanical Properties of 56 Fijian Timbers,Australia C.S.I.R.O. Division of Forest Products Technological Paper,No.,62Bolza, E., Kloot, N.H.,1976,The Mechanical Properties of 81 New Guinea Timbers,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Building Res. Tec.Paper (2nd series) 11Bolza, E.,1975,Properties and Uses of 175 Timber Species from Papua New Guinea and West,Irian,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Building Research Report,no.34Bolza, E.,1976,Timber and Health,Div. Building Res. C.S.I.R.O. AustraliaBoone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods - Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 8 Australasia,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesBudgen, B.,1981,Shrinkage and density of some Australian and South-East Asian Timbers,C.S.I.R.O. Div. building Res. Tech Paper(2nd Series) No.38C.S.I.R.O. Division of Building Research,1978,CSIRO Division of Building Research Information service Sheet No. 10-39,Kwila (merbau,CSIRO Division of Building Research Information service, Melbourne,,AustraliaCameron, S.,1945,Some Notes on Utilisation of Timbers in the South-West Pacific,New Zealand Journal of Forestry Volume 5(2) 117-127Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Da Costa, E.W.B., Osborne, L.D.,1967,Comparative decay resistance of 26 New Guinea timber species in,accelerated laboratory tests,Comm. Forestry Review 46(1) pp63-74Desch, H.E.,1954,Manual of Malayan Timbers (2 vols,Malayan Forest Records,no.15E.H. Walker,1954,Important Trees of the Ryukyu Islands,United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands Special Bulletin,No. 3EcoTimber International, San Francisco, California. Personal Communication, 1993.Eddowes, P.J. 1977. Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea - Their Properties and Uses. Forest Products Research Center, Office of Forests, Department of Primary Industry, Papua New Guinea.Eddowes, P.J.,1977,Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea: Their Properties and Uses,Hebano Press, Port Moresby, Papua New GuineaFiji Department of Forestry,1969,A Summary of the Properties of 34 Indigenous Timbers,Fiji Forestry Department, Suva. Fiji timbers and their uses No.38Fiji Forestry Department,1969,Timbers for Flooring A Note on Current & Potential Species,Fiji Timbers and their Uses No.36, Department of Forestry, Suva, FijiFiji Forestry Department,1981,The Properties and Uses of 43 Indigenous and Exotic Timbers,Fiji Forestry Department, Fiji Timbers and their Uses No.71Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research EstablishmentFrance - C.T.F.T.,1973,Investigations and Tests carried out on Tropical Timber by several,Research Laboratories,CTFTGueneau, P., Gueneau, D.,1969,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Malagaches,CTFT MadagascarHMSO.1972.Handbook of Hardwoods.2nd Edition.Revised by R.H. Farmer.Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.I. Soerianegara and R.H.M.J. Lemmens (Editors,1993,Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5,(PROSEA, 1,Timber trees: Major commercial timbers,Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen 1993Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1Kininimonth, J.A.,1982,Properties and uses of the timbers of Western Samoa, Indigenous,Hardwoods,Forest Research Institute, Rotorua, New ZealandKloot, N. H. and E. Bolza.1961.Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia.Technological Paper No. 12.Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia.Kraemer, J.H.,1951,Trees of the Western Pacific Region,West Lafayette, Indiana U.S.A.Kribs, D.A.,1950,Commercial and Foreign Woods on the American Market (a manual to their,structure, identification, uses and distribution,U.S.A. Penn. State College, Tropical Woods LaboratoryKukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color.Linden Publishing Company, Inc., Fresno, California.Netherlands - Houtinstituut T.N.O.,1963,Merbau,Houtinstituut T.N.O. Delft.NWFA. 1994. Wood Species Used in Wood Flooring. Technical Publication No. A200.National Wood Flooring Association, Manchester, MO.Papua New Guinea Department of Forests,1972,New Horizons,Forestry in Papua New Guinea,Jacaranda Press PTY Ltd, BrisbanePleydell, G.J.,1970,Timbers of the British Solomon Islands,United Africa Company (Timber) Ltd, LondonRao, K.R. and S.K. Purkayastha. 1972. Indian Woods - Their Identification, Properties and Uses, Volume III - Leguminosae to Combretaceae. Published by the Manager of Publications, Delhi, India.Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. LondonReyes, L.J.,1938,Philippine Woods,Commonwealth of the Philippines Department of Agriculture and Commerce,Technical Bulletin,No.7Sallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.TSolomon Islands,1976,Solomon Islands Timbers - Major Species,For Div. Min. Nat. Resources, Honiara, Timber Booklet 1Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7Tamolang, F.N., Martawijaya, A., Kartasujana, I., Kadir, K., Parwira, S.,1992,Indonesian Wood Atlas Volume II,Department of Forestry, Agency for Forestry Research and Development,,Bogor-IndonesiaTanzanian Forest Department, Pterocarpus angolensis,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sect. Moshi - Timbers of TanganikaThe Ecological Trading Company Limited (ETC, Newcastle upon Tyre, United Kingdom.WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.
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