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Alder (Alnus glutinosa)
Family: Betulaceae Common names: Alder, Aulne noir, Aune, Aune commune, Black alder, Common alder, Eis, Els, Erle, European alder, Grey alder, Hannoki, Japanese alder, Klibbal Distributed in: Russia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, United Kingdom (Africa, Eastern Europe, Mediterranean Sea Region, Oceania and S.E. Asia, Western Europe) Distribution overview: Natural throughout British Isles and most of Europe. Naturalized in NE U.S. and SE Canada (Maritime provinces) and forming pure stands along some rivers and streams. Introduced in colonial times. It is also found in western Asia, and northern Africa. Long cultivated, the original range is difficult to determine. Black alder is spread all over Europe from Ireland in the west to western Siberia in the east, as far as northern Africa in the south and up to 65o in the north. It has been introduced in the Azores and in the United States of America. Its range both in Europe and Africa is not compact but markedly disjunct. In the mountainous regions of the central Europe it reaches altitudes between 1500 and 1800 m. Its preferred climate is moderate to cold one, it grows best in deep soils where the water table is high. Optimum amount of precipitation is from 800 to 860 mm per year. It does not tolerate stagnant water or high soil acidity. Common uses: Artificial limbs, Baskets, Bearings & bushings, Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Broom handles, Brush backs & handles, Brush backs & handles, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Charcoal, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Furniture, Joinery, Light construction, Marine construction, Musical instruments, Particleboard, Piling, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Shade rollers, Sporting Goods, Textile equipment, Toys, Turnery, Utility plywood, Veneer, Veneer: decorative, Wooden shoes Product sources: The tree is cultivated in some parts of the Philippines for its valuable oil (lumbang oil), which is used as a substitute for linseed oil. Environment profile: Status has not been officially assessed
Tree size: Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm
Colors: the heart isYellow, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodWhite, Yellow.The grain isStriped figure, the textureFineand the lusterSlightly lustrous
Natural durability: Susceptible to marine borer attack, Susceptible to wood staining fungal attack Odor: No specific smell or taste
LightInduced Color Change: Darker
Kiln Schedules: Uk=J US=T10D5S/T8D4S Fr=4 Kiln Drying Rate: Naturally dries quickly Drying Defects: Little or no degrade
Ease of Drying: Slowly Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect: Little Boring: Fairly easy to very easy Cutting Resistance: Low resistance to sawing Gluing: Glues well Mortising: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Moulding: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Movement in Service: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Nailing: Satisfactory nailing properties, Very Good to Excellent Planing: Sharp surfaces are required Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is permeable Response to hand tools: Responds well to hand tools Routing recessing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Veneering qualities: Veneers easily, Veneers moderately easy Steam bending: Moderate
Screwing: Screwing yields satisfactory results, Very Good to Excellent Results; Turning: Very Good to Excellent Results
Painting: Very Good to Excellent; Polishing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy; Staining: Very Good to Excellent;
Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. 0 Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Bending strength (MOR) = low Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = small Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Max. crushing strength = low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. Armstrong, F.H.,1960,The Strength Properties of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No.45Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building ResearchBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 6 Europe,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No.5 Philippines and Japan,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesClifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. LondonClifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. LondonFarmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1937,A Handbook of Home-Grown Timbers,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1967,The Steam Bending Properties of various timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Leaflet,No.45Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research EstablishmentGrant, D.K.S.,1934,Some Local Timbers,Tanzania Forest DepartmentHiggins, H.G., et al,1973,Pulping of Tropical Hardwoods: Individual and Mixed Species Wood and Paper,Properties Resource Assessment,CSIRO Forest Products Lab. Div. Appl. Chem. Tech. Paper,No.70HMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of theEnvironment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.HMSO. 1985. Broadleaves. Forestry CommissionBooklet No. 20. Text by H.E. Edlin. Revised byA.F. Mitchell. Forestry Commission, Her Majesty'sHoward, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingLaidlaw, W.B.R.1960. Guide to British Hardwoods.Published by Leonard Hill [Books] Limited, 9 Eden Street, N.W.1, London.Lavers, G.M. 1967. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No.50 (Spersedes Bulletin No. 45). Ministry ofTechnology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)Nairn, P.M., Editor. 1936. Wood Specimens - 100 Reproductions in Color -A Series of Selected Timbers Reproduced in Natural Color with Introduction and Annotations by H.A. Cox. The Nema Press, Proprietors of Wood, London.Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressRedding, L.W.,1971,Resistance of Timbers to Impregnation with Creosote,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Bulletin No.54 pp.43Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. LondonSmith, D.N.,1959,The Natural Durability of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Record,No.30Stationery Office, London.Stone, H.,1924,The Timbers of Commerce and their Identification,William Rider & Sons Ltd. LondonT.R.A.D.A.,1942,Home-grown timber trees - their characteristics, cultivation and Uses,TRADATimber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.Wood, A.D.,1963,Plywoods of the World: Their Development, Manufacture and,Application,Johnston & Bacon Ltd. Edinburgh & London |
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