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Black walnutBlack walnutBlack walnutBlack walnutBlack walnutBlack walnut
Black walnut (Juglans nigra)

Family: Juglandaceae

Common names: American black walnut, American walnut, Black walnut, Eastern black walnut, Eastern walnut, Gun-wood, Nogal, Nogal blanco, Nogal silvestre, Nuez meca, Tocte, Tropical walnut, Walnut, Walnut tree, Wavey black walnut

Distributed in: Canada, United States (North America)

Distribution overview: Black walnut is found throughout the eastern United States.It grows as far north as southern Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, southern Michigan, and southern Ontario. Isolated populations occur in the southern half of New York, Vermont, western Massachusetts, and northwestern Connecticut. Its range extends south to northwestern Florida, and to Mississippi, Arkansas, and Louisiana except for the Mississippi Valley and Delta regions.In the Midwest, isolated populations occur in eastern Texas, western Oklahoma, central Kansas, and southeastern South Dakota.Black walnut is cultivated in Hawaii. Grows naturally in 32 states and in southern Ontario, Canada, most abundant in Allegheny Mountains to North Carolina and Tennessee. Occasionally cultivated as ornamental in eastern United States, western and central Europe. Planted in Europe for timber. Wind pollinated. Suited to rich bottomlands and fertile hillsides from lower Hudson Valley southward, walnut will grow a few hundred miles outside its natural range, but may not bear nuts.

Common uses: Bedroom suites, Boat building (general), Bobbins, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Caskets, Chairs, Chests, Coffins, Concealed parts (Furniture), Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Fixtures, Floor lamps, Fuelwood, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Gunstocks, Hatracks, Interior construction, Kitchen cabinets, Living-room suites, Millwork, Moldings, Musical instruments, Musical instruments: piano, Office furniture, Paneling , Paneling, Particleboard, Picker sticks, Plywood, Posts, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Railroad ties, Rifle stock, Rustic furniture, Shade rollers, Shingles, Shuttles, Specialty items, Spindles, Spools, Sporting Goods, Stencil & chisel blocks, Tables , Tables, Turnery, Veneer, Veneer: decorative

Product sources: Although Black walnut lumber is available, supplies are not as abundant as they once were, and its use is down because of high prices. American black walnut, which produces the greatest variety of figure types than any other tree, demands a high price because it is so well respected that buyers are not deterred by the price.

Environment profile: Widespread

Tree size: Trunk diameter is 300-350 cm

Colors: the heart isRed, Yellowand the sapwoodYellow, Yellow/Brown .The grain isWavy, the textureUniformand the lusterMedium

Natural durability: Susceptible to insect attack, Very durable

Odor: Tasteless

LightInduced Color Change: Darker

Kiln Schedules: Dry at a slow speed Air-dry as thoroughly as possible before kiln drying

Kiln Drying Rate: Naturally dries quickly

Drying Defects: Slight surface checking, Splitting

Ease of Drying: Variable

Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight

Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good Walnut is rated as the primary American wood for cabinetry, and is superior to all other woods for gunstock because it keeps its shape, it is relatively light in weight, and can absorb shocks rather well. The wood is strong and can withstand extra weight with little deflection or bending. Its strength properties are more than enough for the uses which it is employed, and is stronger than White oak. Color and figure are reported to vary considerably within species, and color variation between boards is also significant, particularly in lower grade materials and boards that are poorly steamed before kiln-drying.

Blunting Effect: Moderate effect

Boring: Very good properties

Cutting Resistance: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw

Gluing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Mortising: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult

Moulding: Poor moulding properties

Movement in Service: Poor moulding properties

Nailing: Pre-Boring Recommended, Very Good to Excellent

Planing: Irregular grain is liable to pick up and may be difficult to plane

Resistance to Impregnation: Resistant sapwood

Response to hand tools: Works well with hand tools

Routing recessing: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult

Sanding: Responds well to sanding operations

Veneering qualities: Veneers easily, Veneers moderately easy

Steam bending: Unsuitable

Screwing: Pre-boring recommended, Very Good to Excellent Results; Turning: Very easy to turn

Painting: Takes paint well ; Polishing: Very Good to Excellent; Staining: Very good staining properties; Varnishing: Varnished easily after filling ;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity 0,48 0,55
Density 641 kg/m3
Bending Strength 653 1042 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 38 77 kg/cm2
Hardness 459 kg
Impact Strength 131 101 cm
Shearing Strength 111 kg/cm2
Stiffness 100 119 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage 7 %
Radial Shrinkage 4 %
Weight 689 608 kg/m3
Maximum Load 0,84 0,91 cm-kg/cm3
Toughness cm-kg
Static Bending 303 627 kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 9300 14831 psi
Crushing Strength 549 1103 psi
Density 40 lbs/ft3
Hardness 1012 lbs
Impact Strength 52 40 inches
Maximum Crushing Strength 4276 7330 psi
Shearing Strength 1590 psi
Static Bending 4312 8918 psi
Stiffness 1433 1695 1000 psi
Work to Maximum Load 12 13 inch-lbs/in3
Specific Gravity 0.48 0.55
Weight 43 38 lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage 4 %
Tangential Shrinkage 7 %
Volumetric Shrinkage 14 %

Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. 0
Max. crushing strength = medium 0
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low
Bending strength (MOR) = medium
Hardness (side grain) = soft
Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate
Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low
Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft.
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium
Shrinkage, Radial = small
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium
Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low
Shrinkage, Tangential = small
Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large
Shrinkage, Radial = moderate
Max. crushing strength = high
Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft.

Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Hardwoods - Temperate and Tropical. USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Brown, H.P. and Panshin, A.J.,1940,Commercial Timbers of the United States Their structure, identification,,properties and uses,McGraw-Hill, LondonBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World: - No.7 North America,TRADACalifornia Department of Forestry.Comparative Physical & Mechanical Properties of Western & Eastern Hardwoods.Prepared by Forest Products Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California.n/d.Canadian Forestry Service. 1981.Canadian Woods - Their Properties and Uses. Third Edition. E.J. Mullins and T.S. McKnight, Editors. Published by University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. LondonFarmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOHarrar, E.S.,1942,Some Physical Properties of Modern Cabinet Woods 3. Directional and Volume,Shrinkage,Tropical Woods,9(71, pp26-32HMSO, 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingJackson, A. and D. Day.1991.Good Wood Handbook - The Woodworker's Guide to Identifying, Selecting and Using the Right Wood.Betterway Publications, Cincinnati, Ohio.Kaiser, J.1992. Wood of the Month:Claro - The West Coast Walnut.Wood and Wood Products, August, 1992.Page 50.Kaiser, J. 1989. Wood of the Month - Walnut: Our Prestigious Domestic. Wood of the Month Annual, Volume 1, Supplement to Wood and Wood Products. Pages 35-36.Kline, M. 1976. Juglans nigra - Black walnut. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World, Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Pages 195-196.Kukachka, B.F.,1962,Characters of Some Imported Woods,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Foreign Wood Series,No.2242Little, E.L.1980.The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Eastern Region.Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.Markwardt, L.J., Wilson, T.R.C.,1935,Strength and related properties of woods grown in the United States,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin,No.479Mullins, E.J. and McKnight, T.S.,1981,Canadian Woods Their Properties and Uses,University of Toronto Press 3rd EditionNWFA. 1994. Wood Species Used in Wood Flooring.Technical Publication No. A200.National Wood Flooring Association, Manchester, MO.Panshin, A.J. and C. deZeeuw. Textbook of Wood Technology. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressRecord, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University PressRendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. LondonRijsdijk, L.F. and Laming, P.B.,1994,Physical and Related Properties of 145 Timbers, Information for,Practice,TNO Building and Construction Research Centre for Timber Research Kluwer,Academic PublishersRink, G.,1985,American Woods - Black Walnut,USDA, Forest Service, American Woods FS-270Stone, H.,1924,The Timbers of Commerce and their Identification,William Rider & Sons Ltd. LondonTimber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionU.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook : Wood as an Engineering Material. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 72.Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operators Manual, Preliminary Copy. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Wangaard, F.F., et al,1954,Properties and Uses of Tropical Woods 4,Tropical Woods,14(99, pp1-187Wang, S.F.,1963,Studies on the absorption and penetration of woods treated with various,treating methods of preservatives,Taiwan Forest Research Institute Bulletin,No.89Wolcott, G.N.,1950,An Index to the Termite Resistance of Woods,Agricultural Experimental Station, University of Puerto Rico Bulletin,No.85Wood, A.D.,1963,Plywoods of the World: Their Development, Manufacture and,Application,Johnston & Bacon Ltd. Edinburgh & London
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