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European walnut (Juglans regia)
Family: Juglandaceae Common names: Akhor, Akrot, Ancona, Auvergne, Basilikon, Binbogh, Black Sea walnut, British walnut, Carua, Caucasian walnut, Charmaghz, Charmagz, Circassian walnut, Dun, Dur, English walnut, European walnut, French walnut, Gretski aryekh, Italian walnut, Jaoz, Juglans, Ka, Kabotang, Kabshing, Kamkhol, Kaukasisches, Kharot, Khol, Khor, Ko-tiao, Kol, Krot, Nussbaumholz, Okhar, Orzech wloski, Persicon, Spanish walnut, Starga, Tagashing, Than, Thanka, Thitcha, Titcha, Ughz, Waghz, Walnut Distributed in: Bosnia-Herzegovina, Burma, China, Croatia, France, Greece, India, Iran, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Macedonia, Pakistan, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, Yugoslavia (Eastern Europe, Mediterranean Sea Region, Oceania and S.E. Asia, Western Europe) Distribution overview: Native to the Carpathian Mountains of eastern Europe, but often found growing wild eastward to Himalayas and China. Widely cultivated throughout this region and elsewhere in temperate zone of the Old and New World. Thrives in temperate Himalayas from 1,000 to 3,000 m altitude. In North America, thrives as far north as New York State. Introduced from Spain by way of Chile to California about 1867. In 1873 'Kaghazi' was introduced in northern California and a seedling 'Eureka' has become the important source of our commercial varieties. Thrives on rich, sandy loam, well-drained, slightly acid or neutral. Common uses: Baskets, Bedroom suites, Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Chairs, Chests, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Food containers, Furniture , Furniture, Gunstocks, Joinery, Living-room suites, Musical instruments, Musical instruments: piano, Paneling, Poles, Rifle stock, Sporting Goods, Tables, Toys, Turnery, Veneer, Veneer: decorative, Wardrobes Product sources: European walnut is very limited in availability, and can be obtained only in the form of veneer. It is typically priced in the expensive range. Environment profile: Generally secure within its natural habitat Tree size: Trunk diameter is 200-250 cm
Colors: the heart isPurple, Redand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isWavy, the textureMedium coarse to coarseand the lusterSlightly lustrous
Natural durability: Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles, Susceptible to insect attack Odor: No specific smell or taste
Kiln Schedules: Dry at a slow speed
Kiln Drying Rate: Rapid Drying Defects: Slight collapse and honeycomb, Splitting Ease of Drying: Variable results. Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good Reaction with Metals - Blue-black stains may develop on surfaces of damp wood that comes in contact with iron or iron compounds. Blunting Effect: Moderate Boring: Responds fairly well to boring Carving: Good carving properties Cutting Resistance: Easy to saw Gluing: Satisfactory gluing properties Mortising: Yields a clean surface Moulding: Satisfactory moulding qualities Movement in Service: Satisfactory moulding qualities Nailing: Poor to Very Poor , Pre-Boring Recommended Planing: Very Good to Excellent Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is permeable Response to hand tools: Variable qualities Routing recessing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Sanding: Sanded surfaces are usually clean Veneering qualities: Veneers easily, Veneers moderately easy Steam bending: Very good
Screwing: Pre-boring recommended, Screwing yields good results; Turning: Very Good to Excellent Results
Polishing: Very Good to Excellent; Staining: Reacts with Iron to discolour wood;
Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. 0 Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Max. crushing strength = medium Bending strength (MOR) = medium Work to Maximum Load = very low Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Shrinkage, Radial = large Hardness (side grain) = soft Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Max. crushing strength = high Hardness (side grain) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = high European walnut wood has high natural durabilty, high mechanical properties, weight, density, and high dimensional stability, qualities which are reported to combine to make it the best of all timbers for gun-stock. Bolza, E.,1976,Timber and Health,Div. Building Res. C.S.I.R.O. AustraliaBrisbin, R.L. and Sonderman, D.L.,1973,American Woods - Birch,USDA, Forest Service American Woods FS-221British Woodworking Federation. 1995. Which Wood . Published by the British Woodworking Federation, Broadway House, Tothill Street, London.Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 6 Europe,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesChen, C.L.,1962,The Physical Properties of 101 Chinese Woods,Forest Products Journal 12(7) pp339-42Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. LondonClifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. LondonCoombes, A.J.1992.Trees - The Visual Guide to More than 500 Species from Around the World.Eyewitness Handbooks.Published in the United States by Dorling Kinderley, Inc, New York.Distributed by Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOFindlay, W.P.K.,1975,Timber: Properties and Uses,Crosby Lockwood Staples London,224PPForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1937,A Handbook of Home-Grown Timbers,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1967,The Steam Bending Properties of various timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Leaflet,No.45Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1969,The Movement of Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Technical Note,No.38Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research EstablishmentHarrar, E.S.,1942,Some Physical Properties of Modern Cabinet Woods 3. Directional and Volume,Shrinkage,Tropical Woods,9(71, pp26-32HMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer, Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.HMSO. 1985. Broadleaves. Forestry Commission Booklet No. 20. Text by H.E. Edlin. Revised by A.F. Mitchell. Forestry Commission, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.Kaiser, Jo-ann.Wood of the Month:Claro - The West Coast Walnut.Wood and Wood Products, August, 1992.Page 50.Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12Kribs, D.A.,1950,Commercial and Foreign Woods on the American Market (a manual to their,structure, identification, uses and distribution,U.S.A. Penn. State College, Tropical Woods LaboratoryKukachka, B.F.,1962,Characters of Some Imported Woods,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Foreign Wood Series,No.2242Laidlaw, W.B.R.1960. Guide to British Hardwoods.Published by Leonard Hill [Books] Limited, 9 Eden Street, N.W.1, London.Lincoln, W. A.1986.World Woods in Color.Linden Publishing Company, Inc., Fresno, California.Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressPearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 volsRedding, L.W.,1971,Resistance of Timbers to Impregnation with Creosote,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Bulletin No.54 pp.43Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. LondonSaeed Ahmed, S., Mahammad Ayaz, and Taj Mohammad,1977,Properties and Uses of Commercial Timbers in Pakistan,Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar, Division of Forest Products Bulletin,No.3Smith, D.N.,1959,The Natural Durability of Timber,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Record,No.30Stone, H.,1924,The Timbers of Commerce and their Identification,William Rider & Sons Ltd. LondonT.R.A.D.A.,1942,Home-grown timber trees - their characteristics, cultivation and Uses,TRADATewari, M.C., Jain, J.C.,1980,Utilization of Secondary Species,Journal of the National Building Organization 25(2) pp1-6Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionWCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.Wood, A.D.,1963,Plywoods of the World: Their Development, Manufacture and,Application,Johnston & Bacon Ltd. Edinburgh & London |
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