African pencil cedar (Juniperus procera)
Family: Coniferae
Common names: African pencil cedar, Afrikanishces bleistieftholz, East African cedar, East African juniper, Juniper, Mtarakwa, Mukuu, Murana, Murara, Mutarakwa, Mutarkwa, Mwangati, Ndarakwa, Ol tarakwa, Ol-tarakwa, Pencil cedar, Pencile cedar, Tarakit, Tarakuet, Tarokwa, Teet, Thed, Tolokyo, Torokio, Uganda juniper, Ugandan juniper
Distributed in: Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire, Zimbabwe (Africa, Mediterranean Sea Region)
Distribution overview: E Africa: NE Sudan near the Red Sea, the Ethiopian Highlands, in Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, in extreme eastern Congo Republic (Haut Katanga), Malawi, northeastern Zimbabwe; also in the mountains adjoining the Red Sea in Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Juniperus procera occurs in the mountainous regions and highlands of East Africa. ... This distribution coincides largely with the Eritreo-Arabian Subregion of Takhtajan. The southernmost occurrence of the genus is in the Inyanga Mountains of Zimbabwe, but it is represented by a single (protected) tree only. Its altitudinal range in Africa is between 1050-3600 m, it occurs most commonly between 1800-2700 m. Rainfall is the predominant factor determining growth and occurrence; in East Africa it is most luxuriant where the rainfall averages 1000-1200 mm annually. Stunted trees are still found in savannahs with annual precipitation of only 400 mm.
Common uses: Agricultural implements, Balusters, Bedroom suites, Boat building (general), Boat building: planking, Boxes and crates, Building construction, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Chairs, Chemical containers, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Construction, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Exterior trim & siding, Exterior uses, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Food containers, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Millwork, Mine timbers, Moldings, Musical instruments, Office furniture, Paneling, Parquet flooring, Particleboard, Pencil, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rustic furniture, Shingles, Stairworks, Stools, Toys, Turnery, Vats
Product sources: African pencil cedar has largely replaced the popular American species (J. virginiana) for the production of pencils when the latter became scarce, but it is currently competeing with American incence cedar (Libocedrus decurrens), which has milder properties, and is also easier to cut in any direction.African pencil cedar is exported as lumber and in the form of pencil slats, and the sawdust yields Cedarwood oil upon distillation.
Environment profile: Generally secure within most of its natural habitat, but note exceptions.
Tree size: Trunk diameter is 200-250 cm
Colors: the heart isYellow, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isStriped figure, the textureUniform
Natural durability: Very durable, Very durable
Odor: Pleasant, cedar scent
Kiln Schedules: Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rapid
Kiln Drying Rate: Rapid (<10 days for boards < 32 mm, to <30 days for boards >= 63 mm)
Drying Defects: Moderate surface checking, Severe twisting/warping
Ease of Drying: Moderately Difficult to Difficult
Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is unknown
Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good
Blunting Effect: Moderate
Boring: Moderately easy
Carving: Good carving properties
Cutting Resistance: Saws without difficulty
Gluing: Very good properties
Mortising: Moderately easy to mortise
Moulding: Moulding ease is moderate
Movement in Service: Moulding ease is moderate
Nailing: Requires pre-boring , Tends to split during nailing
Planing: Very Good to Excellent
Resistance to Abrasion: High
Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is permeable
Resistance to Splitting: Poor
Response to hand tools: Worked fairly easily with hand tools
Routing recessing: Fair to Good Results
Sanding: Fair to Good Results
Screwing: Pre-Boring suggested before screwing , Pre-boring recommended; Turning: Fair to Good Results
The material responds well to most machining operations including turning
Polishing: Good; Staining: Very good staining properties;
- Numerical data Metric
- Numerical data English
- Strength properties
- References
 |
 |
 |
 |
Item |
Green |
Dry |
Metric |
Specific Gravity |
0,44 |
|
|
Density |
|
576 |
kg/m3 |
Bending Strength |
576 |
819 |
kg/cm2 |
Crushing Strength |
335 |
503 |
kg/cm2 |
Hardness |
|
403 |
kg |
Impact Strength |
|
|
cm |
Shearing Strength |
|
107 |
kg/cm2 |
Stiffness |
89 |
102 |
1000 kg/cm2 |
Tangential Shrinkage |
|
|
% |
Radial Shrinkage |
2 |
|
% |
Weight |
560 |
432 |
kg/m3 |
Maximum Load |
0,63 |
0,84 |
cm-kg/cm3 |
Toughness |
|
109 |
cm-kg |
Static Bending |
|
|
kg/cm2 |
|
 |  |  |  | Item | Green | Dry | English | Bending Strength | 8200 | 11655 | psi | Density | | 36 | lbs/ft3 | Hardness | | 890 | lbs | Maximum Crushing Strength | 4767 | 7164 | psi | Shearing Strength | | 1527 | psi | Stiffness | 1268 | 1463 | 1000 psi | Toughness | | 95 | inch-lbs | Work to Maximum Load | 9 | 12 | inch-lbs/in3 | Specific Gravity | 0.44 | | | Weight | 35 | 27 | lbs/ft3 | Radial Shrinkage | 2 | | % | Tangential Shrinkage | 4 | | % | |
Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. 0 Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Radial = very small Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Max. crushing strength = medium Bending strength (MOR) = medium Shrinkage, Radial = small Max. crushing strength = high Hardness (side grain) = soft Bending strength (MOR) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = small Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Work to Maximum Load = low Toughness (total work) = very low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low
Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building ResearchChalk, L., et al,1932,Some East African Coniferae and Leguminosae,Forest Trees and Timbers of the British Empire,Part 1Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Murira, K.,1984,Natural Durability Tests of Tanzanian Timbers 1955 - 1982,Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Timber Utilisation Research Centre,,Moshi.Rendle, B.J. Editor. 1969. World Timbers, Volume One - Europe & Africa. Published by Ernest Benn Limited, Bouverie House, Fleet Street, London.Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1956,Survey of African woods 1,Tropical Woods,115(105,pp 13-38Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1959,Survey of Africa Woods 4,Tropical Woods 17(110) pp42-115Tack, C.H.,1969,Uganda Timbers,Govt. Printer UgandaTakahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7Tanzania Forest Division,1966,Kiln Drying Schedules for Tanzania Timbers Technical Note no.38,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. MoshiWCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.Wimbush, S.H.,1950,Catalogue of Kenya Timbers,Govt. Printer Nairobi Kenya
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