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African pencil cedar
African pencil cedar (Juniperus procera)

Family: Coniferae

Common names: African pencil cedar, Afrikanishces bleistieftholz, East African cedar, East African juniper, Juniper, Mtarakwa, Mukuu, Murana, Murara, Mutarakwa, Mutarkwa, Mwangati, Ndarakwa, Ol tarakwa, Ol-tarakwa, Pencil cedar, Pencile cedar, Tarakit, Tarakuet, Tarokwa, Teet, Thed, Tolokyo, Torokio, Uganda juniper, Ugandan juniper

Distributed in: Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire, Zimbabwe (Africa, Mediterranean Sea Region)

Distribution overview: E Africa: NE Sudan near the Red Sea, the Ethiopian Highlands, in Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, in extreme eastern Congo Republic (Haut Katanga), Malawi, northeastern Zimbabwe; also in the mountains adjoining the Red Sea in Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Juniperus procera occurs in the mountainous regions and highlands of East Africa. ... This distribution coincides largely with the Eritreo-Arabian Subregion of Takhtajan. The southernmost occurrence of the genus is in the Inyanga Mountains of Zimbabwe, but it is represented by a single (protected) tree only. Its altitudinal range in Africa is between 1050-3600 m, it occurs most commonly between 1800-2700 m. Rainfall is the predominant factor determining growth and occurrence; in East Africa it is most luxuriant where the rainfall averages 1000-1200 mm annually. Stunted trees are still found in savannahs with annual precipitation of only 400 mm.

Common uses: Agricultural implements, Balusters, Bedroom suites, Boat building (general), Boat building: planking, Boxes and crates, Building construction, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Chairs, Chemical containers, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Construction, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Exterior trim & siding, Exterior uses, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Food containers, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Millwork, Mine timbers, Moldings, Musical instruments, Office furniture, Paneling, Parquet flooring, Particleboard, Pencil, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rustic furniture, Shingles, Stairworks, Stools, Toys, Turnery, Vats

Product sources: African pencil cedar has largely replaced the popular American species (J. virginiana) for the production of pencils when the latter became scarce, but it is currently competeing with American incence cedar (Libocedrus decurrens), which has milder properties, and is also easier to cut in any direction.African pencil cedar is exported as lumber and in the form of pencil slats, and the sawdust yields Cedarwood oil upon distillation.

Environment profile: Generally secure within most of its natural habitat, but note exceptions.

Tree size: Trunk diameter is 200-250 cm

Colors: the heart isYellow, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isStriped figure, the textureUniform

Natural durability: Very durable, Very durable

Odor: Pleasant, cedar scent

Kiln Schedules: Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rapid

Kiln Drying Rate: Rapid (<10 days for boards < 32 mm, to <30 days for boards >= 63 mm)

Drying Defects: Moderate surface checking, Severe twisting/warping

Ease of Drying: Moderately Difficult to Difficult

Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is unknown

Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good

Blunting Effect: Moderate

Boring: Moderately easy

Carving: Good carving properties

Cutting Resistance: Saws without difficulty

Gluing: Very good properties

Mortising: Moderately easy to mortise

Moulding: Moulding ease is moderate

Movement in Service: Moulding ease is moderate

Nailing: Requires pre-boring , Tends to split during nailing

Planing: Very Good to Excellent

Resistance to Abrasion: High

Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is permeable

Resistance to Splitting: Poor

Response to hand tools: Worked fairly easily with hand tools

Routing recessing: Fair to Good Results

Sanding: Fair to Good Results

Screwing: Pre-Boring suggested before screwing , Pre-boring recommended; Turning: Fair to Good Results The material responds well to most machining operations including turning

Polishing: Good; Staining: Very good staining properties;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity 0,44
Density 576 kg/m3
Bending Strength 576 819 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 335 503 kg/cm2
Hardness 403 kg
Impact Strength cm
Shearing Strength 107 kg/cm2
Stiffness 89 102 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage %
Radial Shrinkage 2 %
Weight 560 432 kg/m3
Maximum Load 0,63 0,84 cm-kg/cm3
Toughness 109 cm-kg
Static Bending kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 8200 11655 psi
Density 36 lbs/ft3
Hardness 890 lbs
Maximum Crushing Strength 4767 7164 psi
Shearing Strength 1527 psi
Stiffness 1268 1463 1000 psi
Toughness 95 inch-lbs
Work to Maximum Load 9 12 inch-lbs/in3
Specific Gravity 0.44
Weight 35 27 lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage 2 %
Tangential Shrinkage 4 %

Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. 0
Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft.
Shrinkage, Tangential = very small
Shrinkage, Radial = very small
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low
Max. crushing strength = medium
Bending strength (MOR) = medium
Shrinkage, Radial = small
Max. crushing strength = high
Hardness (side grain) = soft
Bending strength (MOR) = low
Shrinkage, Tangential = small
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low
Work to Maximum Load = low
Toughness (total work) = very low
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low

Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building ResearchChalk, L., et al,1932,Some East African Coniferae and Leguminosae,Forest Trees and Timbers of the British Empire,Part 1Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Murira, K.,1984,Natural Durability Tests of Tanzanian Timbers 1955 - 1982,Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Timber Utilisation Research Centre,,Moshi.Rendle, B.J. Editor. 1969. World Timbers, Volume One - Europe & Africa. Published by Ernest Benn Limited, Bouverie House, Fleet Street, London.Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1956,Survey of African woods 1,Tropical Woods,115(105,pp 13-38Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1959,Survey of Africa Woods 4,Tropical Woods 17(110) pp42-115Tack, C.H.,1969,Uganda Timbers,Govt. Printer UgandaTakahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7Tanzania Forest Division,1966,Kiln Drying Schedules for Tanzania Timbers Technical Note no.38,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. MoshiWCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.Wimbush, S.H.,1950,Catalogue of Kenya Timbers,Govt. Printer Nairobi Kenya
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