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African mahogany (Khaya ivorensis)
Family: Meliaceae Common names: Acajou bassam, Acajou blanc, Acajou d'Afrique, Acajou rouge, African mahogany, Akuk, Bandoro, Bariba, Benin mahogany, Biribi, Biribu, Bisselon, Bitehi, Diala iri, Diburi, Dubini, Dukuma, Dukuma fufu, Dukuma-dugura, Dukumakokre, Dupuin, Ekuie, Eri Kiree, Houngo, Humpe, Khaya, Khaya mahogany, Kortghot, Krala, Krubna, Lokobua, Lukuma, Munyama, Ngollo, Ngollon, Oduben, Odupod, Odupon, Ogurango, Ogurano, Ogwango, Orkogho, Red mahogany, Samanguila, Senegal mahogany, Tiamatiama, Zoele Distributed in: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Togo, Uganda (Africa) Distribution overview: Occurs in Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Cd'Ivoire, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Nigeria and Zaire. In Ghana, this species occurs in many habitat types but seems to thrive best in moist and wet undisturbed evergreen forest. It is found scattered across almost the whole of Congo and is occasionally quite abundant. Common uses: Boat building (general), Boat building, Boat building: decking, Boat building: planking, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Decorative veneer, Flooring, Furniture , Furniture, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Joinery, Light construction, Millwork, Musical instruments, Paneling , Paneling, Plywood, Sporting Goods, Tables, Tool handles, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative Product sources: Although the species makes up most of the African mahogany on the international market, it is usually sold in a mixture with other Khaya species including K. anthotheca , K. grandifoliola , and K. senegalensis . Origin of consignment can sometimes help identify specific Khaya species. This may be valuable since differences in some properties can be appreciable. Supplies in the lumber form are quite abundant, and can be found in a wide range of sizes at moderate prices. They are also available in plywood form from many lumber suppliers. African mahogany is frequently used to replace American mahogany because it is cheaper and more abundant, and can also be used for the same applications. Environment profile: Unknown because of lack of information Tree size: Tree height is 30-40 m
Colors: the heart isTurn reddish brown upon exposure, Yellowand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isWavy, the textureVariableand the lusterMedium
Natural durability: Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera), Susceptible to marine borer attack Odor: No specific smell or taste
LightInduced Color Change: Darker
Kiln Schedules: Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is fairly rapid Kiln Drying Rate: Fairly rapid (11-17 days for boards under 32 mm, to 31-51 days for boards greater than 63 mm)
Drying Defects: Slight twist/warp, Splitting Ease of Drying: Variable results. Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good Some logs may have brittleheart which can cause thundershakes, or cross-breaks, or heart-breaks. The defect is more common in figured logs. Tension Wood - Abnormal wood tissue in the form of tension wood and brittleheart is sometimes present. Blunting Effect: Moderate effect Cutting Resistance: Easy to saw Gluing: Satisfactory gluing properties Mortising: Difficult to mortise
Moulding: Difficult to mould
Square block is reported to cause the most tearing and French head is not recommended for woolly stock.
Movement in Service: Difficult to mould
Square block is reported to cause the most tearing and French head is not recommended for woolly stock.
Nailing: Possible if prebored, Satisfactory nailing properties Planing: Poor to Very Poor
Machining properties are affected by interlocked grain and by the woolly nature of the stock being worked. A reduced cutting angle of 20 degrees has been recommended in planing to prevent grain from tearing. Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is moderately resistant Response to hand tools: Variable qualities Veneering qualities: Easy to cut, No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting Steam bending: Very poor
The wood is not recommended for steam bending applications since it buckles severely. A supporting strap is reported to give no advantage.
Screwing: Possible if prebored, Screwing yields good results; Turning:
Turning and other woodworking operations such as mortising, boring, and sanding are all satisfactory, except in woolly material
Polishing: Very Good to Excellent; Staining: Good staining properties;
Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. 0 Max. crushing strength = medium 0 Bending strength (MOR) = low 0 Hardness (side grain) = soft 0 Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low 0 Bending strength (MOR) = medium 0 Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low 1 Shrinkage, Radial = small 0 Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Shrinkage, Volumetric = small Hardness (side grain) = very soft Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = very small Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Work to Maximum Load = very low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Shrinkage, Volumetric = fairly large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Max. crushing strength = low Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Volumetric = large Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Density = high Crushing strength = medium Moderate properties in hardness and weight Strength properties of K. ivorensis are halfway between those of Obeche (Triplochiton scleroxylon ) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica ). Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48Banks, C.H.,1954,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with Particular Reference to those,grown in the Union of South Africa,Journal of the South African Forestry Association,No. 24 pp.44-65,[South,African Forestry Journal]Banks, C.H.,1970,The Durability of South African Wood and Wood Base Building Materials,South African Forestry Journal,No.75Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1956,Moabi (Baillonella toxisperma,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,no.45, pp27-36Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1979,Acajou D'Afrique (Khaya spp.,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,183,pp33-48Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building ResearchBolza, E.,1976,Timber and Health,Div. Building Res. C.S.I.R.O. AustraliaBoone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Hardwoods - Temperate and Tropical. USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse UniversityBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World No.1 Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesChudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. LondonCox, H.A.,1939,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes RisboroughDesch, H.E.,1951,Manual of Commercial Timbers,The Author Crockham Hill, Kent,Vol.1Edlin, H. 1969. What Wood is That? - A Manual of Wood Identification. A Studio Book, The Viking Press, New York.Edlin, H.L.,1969,What wood is that? A Manual of Wood Identification,Jarrold and Sons Ltd. NorwichErfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry DepartmentFarmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products ResearchForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1967,The Steam Bending Properties of various timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Leaflet,No.45Forest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1969,The Movement of Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough Technical Note,No.38Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research EstablishmentFrance - C.T.F.T.,1966,Bois Tropicaux,C.T.F.T. Publ.,12France - C.T.F.T.,1973,Investigations and Tests carried out on Tropical Timber by several,Research Laboratories,CTFTFrance - C.T.F.T.,Recuil de Fiches Techniques,C.T.F.T.France - Comite Nacional des Bois Coloniaux,1931,Etude Physique et Mecanique des Bois Coloniaux,Assoc. Colonies-Sciences & Comite National des Bios Coloniaux, Paris,,FranceGhana - Timber Marketing Board,1969,Ghana Hardwoods,Timber Marketing BoardGutierrez Oliva, A., Plaza Pulgar, F.,1967,Caracteristicas fisico-mecanicas de las maderas Espanolas. (Physical and,mechanical properties of Spanish timbers.,Min.Agric./Dir.Gen Montes/Instituto Forestral de Investigaciones,y,Experiencias, Madrid pp102Harrar, E.S.,1942,Some Physical Properties of Modern Cabinet Woods 3. Directional and Volume,Shrinkage,Tropical Woods,9(71, pp26-32Hedin, L.,1930,Commercial Mahoganies of French Cameroons,Tropical Woods,3(21,pp1-5Hedin, L.,1930,Etude sur la Foret et les Bois du Cameroun,Haut-Commissaire de la CamerounHMSO, 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.Hughes, J.F.,1971,The Principal Timber Trees of Cameroon,Unpublished dataI.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingIrvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. LondonITTO.1986.Tropical Timber Atlas, Volume 1- Africa.International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) and Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, 45bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France.Jay, B.A.,1968,Timbers of West Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesKeay, R.W.J.1989. Trees of Nigeria.Revised Version of Nigerian Trees. Clarendon Press, Oxford.Keay, R.W.J.,1964,Nigerian Trees Vol.2,Nigeria Federal Department of Forest Research, IbadanKennedy, J.D.,1936,Forest Flora of Southern Nigeria,Government Printer LagosKinloch, D., Miller, W.A.,1949,Gold Coast Timbers,Govt. Printer Gold CoastKline, M. 1981. Khaya spp. - African mahogany. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. Page 201-202.Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12Kribbs, D.A. 1959. Commercial Foreign Woods on the American Market. Buckhout Lab., Dept. of Botany, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.Kryn, J.M., Forbes, E.W.,1959,The Woods of Liberia,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture,Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Report No. 2159Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125Kunkel, G.,1965,The Trees of Liberia,German Forestry Mission to Liberia Report,No.3Lamb, G.N.,1948,The Mahogany Book (7th Ed.,Mahogany Association Inc., Chicago.Lavers, G.M. 1967.The Strength Properties of Timbers.Ministry of Technology, Forest Products Research, Bulletin No. 50. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc., Fresno, California.Normand, D., Sallenave, P.,1958,Characteristiques et Proprietes des Acajous,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,59,pp43-52Rendle, B.J.,1938,Commercial Mahoganies and Allied Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No 18Rendle, B.J.,1956,Variation in the quality of African mahogany,Wood,21(9, pp349-54Sallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.TSpalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1956,Survey of African woods 1,Tropical Woods,115(105,pp 13-38Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1957,Survey of Africa Woods 3,Tropical Woods 16(107) pp92-128Streets, R.J.,1962,Exotic Forest Trees in the British Commonwealth,Clarendon Press OxfordTaylor, C.J.,1960,Synecology and Silviculture in Ghana,University College of Ghana Thomas Nelson and SonsTimber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionU.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72Vorreiter, L.,1949,Holztechnologisches Handbuch,Verlag Georg Fromme & Co. Ltd.,Vol 1.WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center, Plants Program, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, UK.Wood, B., Calnan, D.,1976,Toxic Woods,British Journal of Dermat 94 Suppl. 13 |
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