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Larch
Larch (Larix occidentalis)

Family: Pinaceae

Common names: Hackmatack, Hackmatack larch, Larch, Montana larch, Mountain larch, Tamarack, Western larch, Western tamarack

Distributed in: Canada, United States (North America)

Distribution overview: Western larch grows in the Upper Columbia River Basin from southeastern British Columbia to northwestern Montana, northern and west-central Idaho, and northeastern Washington.Its range includes the Blue and Wallowa mountains of southeastern Washington and northeastern Oregon and the east slopes of the Cascade Mountains in Washington and northern Oregon. Western larch is widespread in mixed upland stands. It prefers north exposures although it is very shade-intolerant.

Common uses: Boxes and crates, Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Casing, Casks, Ceiling, Chemical derivatives, Construction, Core Stock, Decks, Decorative veneer, Domestic flooring, Factory construction, Factory flooring, Figured veneer, Flooring, Form work, Foundation posts, Framing, Fuelwood, Furniture, Glued laminated-beams, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Joists, Light construction, Millwork, Mine timbers, Moldings, Packing cases, Pallets, Paneling , Paneling, Parquet flooring, Piling, Plain veneer, Planks, Plywood, Poles, Porch columns, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Rafters, Railroad cars, Railroad ties, Rough construction, Screens, Stairrails, Structural work, Vats, Vehicle parts, Veneer

Product sources: Although Western larch is abundant, it bes difficult to isolate commercially, since it is routinely used interchangeably with Douglas-fir under the name Doug fir-larch.

Environment profile: Widespread

Tree size: Tree height is 20-30 m

Colors: the heart isYellow, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isVery fine, the textureOily appearance and the lusterLow

Natural durability: Resistant to marine borers, Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera)

Odor: No specific smell or taste

Silica Content: Siliceous

Kiln Schedules: Dry at a moderate speed

Drying Defects: Slight twist/warp, Warping can be expected

Ease of Drying: Moderate

Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is cylindrical

Comments: The most important Larch timber species, Western larch is regarded as one of the harder, stronger, and heavier softwoods. It is unique among commercial softwoods because of its fine, uniform, and straight grain. The timber is usually marketed and sold as Douglas fir-Larch. Tamarack or eastern larch (L. laricina ) is occasionally confused with western larch but the two can be separated by the color of the heartwood, which is generally yellowish brown in tamarack, and russet- or reddish brown in western larch

Blunting Effect: High to severe

Boring: Responds fairly well to boring

Gluing: Very good properties

Mortising: Good mortising properties

Moulding: Good moulding properties

Movement in Service: Good moulding properties

Nailing: Holds satisfactorily, Nailing hold is generally excellent

Planing: Stringy grain may cause some problems

Resistance to Impregnation: Resistant sapwood

Resistance to Splitting: Poor

Response to hand tools: Moderate working qualities

Veneering qualities: Moderately easy to veneer, No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting

Steam bending: Moderate

Screwing: Excellent screw-holding qualities , Good screwing properties; Turning: Turns well

Painting: Poor Holds paint and other finishes rather poorly unless it is well primed before the application of finishes.; Staining: Poor;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity 0,46 0,56
Density 592 kg/m3
Bending Strength 531 850 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 31 67 kg/cm2
Hardness 215 kg
Impact Strength 68 81 cm
Shearing Strength 91 kg/cm2
Stiffness 103 123 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage 9 %
Radial Shrinkage 4 %
Weight 608 576 kg/m3
Maximum Load 0,49 0,7 cm-kg/cm3
Toughness cm-kg
Static Bending 344 599 kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 7558 12100 psi
Crushing Strength 451 956 psi
Density 37 lbs/ft3
Hardness 476 lbs
Impact Strength 27 32 inches
Maximum Crushing Strength 3587 6701 psi
Shearing Strength 1303 psi
Static Bending 4900 8526 psi
Stiffness 1467 1756 1000 psi
Work to Maximum Load 7 10 inch-lbs/in3
Specific Gravity 0.46 0.56
Weight 38 36 lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage 4 %
Tangential Shrinkage 9 %
Volumetric Shrinkage 14 %

Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft.
Hardness (side grain) = very soft
Bending strength (MOR) = low
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low
Max. crushing strength = medium
Max. crushing strength = low
Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low
Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft.
Bending strength (MOR) = medium
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low
Hardness (side grain) = soft
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium
Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large
Shrinkage, Radial = moderate
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium
Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft.
Bending strength (MOR) = very low

Betts, H.S.,1945,American Woods - Ash,USDA, Forest Service American WoodsBoone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Hardwoods - Temperate and Tropical. USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Brown, H.P. and Panshin, A.J.,1940,Commercial Timbers of the United States Their structure, identification,,properties and uses,McGraw-Hill, LondonBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World: - No.7 North America,TRADACanadian Forestry Service. 1981.Canadian Woods - Their Properties and Uses. Third Edition. E.J. Mullins and T.S. McKnight, Editors. Published by University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Canada.Clifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. LondonDallimore, W. and Jackson, A. Bruce,1966,A Handbook of Coniferae and Ginkgoaceae Fourth Ed. Revised by S.G.,Harrison,Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. LondonFlynn Jr., J.H. (undated). In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 205-206.Forest Products Research Laboratory U.K.,1957,A Handbook of Softwoods,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products Research,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products ResearchHoward, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingKloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12Kotok, E.S.,1973,American Woods Western Larch,USDA, Forest Service American Woods, FS-243Little, E.L.1980.The Audobon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Western Region.Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.Markwardt, L.J., Wilson, T.R.C.,1935,Strength and related properties of woods grown in the United States,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin,No.479Mullins, E.J. and McKnight, T.S.,1981,Canadian Woods Their Properties and Uses,University of Toronto Press 3rd EditionPanshin, A.J. and C. deZeeuw. Textbook of Wood Technology. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressRecord, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University PressTitmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionU.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook : Wood as an Engineering Material. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 72.Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operators Manual, Preliminary Copy. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Western Wood Products Association. 19__.Softwoods of the Western USA.Published and Distributed by Western Wood Products Association, Yeon Building, 522 SW Fifth Avenue, Portland, Oregon.
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