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American red gum (Liquidambar styraciflua)
Family: Hamamelidaceae Common names: Alligator tree, American red gum, American styrax, Balsamo, Balsamo blanco, Bilstead, Bilsted, Blisted, Copalillo, Copalone, Diquidambo, Estoraque, Gum, Gum wood, Hazel pine, Hazel wood, Icob, Ien-gau-o, Ingano, Ko'ma, Ko'ma'liso, Liquidambar, Liquidambo, Mola, Nijte-pijto, Nite-biito, Ocozote, Quivambaro, Red gum, Sap gum, Satin walnut, Skchute, Slu'to'nko, Somerio, Starleaf gum, Storax, Sweet gum, Sweetgum, Xochicatscahuitl, Yaga-bizigui, Yaga-huille, Yellow gum Distributed in: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, South Africa, United States (Africa, Central America, North America) Common uses: Baskets, Bedroom suites, Boat building, Boxes and crates, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Casks, Chairs, Chests, Cigar boxes, Concealed parts (Furniture), Cooperages, Crossties, Decorative plywood, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Door, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Food containers, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Lifeboats, Light construction, Living-room suites, Matches, Millwork, Mine timbers, Moldings, Musical instruments, Office furniture, Paneling , Paneling, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Pulpwood, Railroad ties, Tables, Toothpicks, Vehicle parts, Veneer: decorative Product sources: Although gum lumber is available, its supply has dropped because of its low price, which makes it uneconomical to cut. Prices are reported to vary greatly between gum sapwood and heartwood. Figured Red gum from the heartwood, which has a mottled or marbled appearance and a satiny shine, is highly prized and is usually priced in the valuable range. The price of Sap gum (from the sapwood) is in the inexpensive pricing range. Sweet gum is in great demand for furniture in England, France, and Germany. Environment profile: Widespread Tree size: Tree height is 30-40 m
Colors: the heart isWhite, Yellowand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isWeak figure, the textureUniformand the lusterMedium
Natural durability: Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera), Susceptible to insect attack Odor: No specific smell or taste
Silica Content: Siliceous
Kiln Schedules: T8 - C4 (4/4); T5 - C3 (8/4) US Drying Defects: Moderate twist/warp, Severe twisting/warping Ease of Drying: Requires careful seasoning to prevent degrade Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is buttressed
Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good The sapwood and heartwood of Sweetgum are usually sold separately. Red gum, sometimes called Hazelwood, is obtained from the heartwood of this unique North American hardwood. The sapwood is often sold under the name, Sap gum in the United States and Hazel pine in the United Kingdom. The Italian market has accepted American red gum as a substitute for Italian walnut. Blunting Effect:
There is only a mild blunting effect on cutting edges because of gummy deposits.
Boring: Good (75+ pieces out of 100 will yield good to excellent results) Cutting Resistance: Easy to saw Gluing: Good gluing propeties Mortising: Fair mortising properties
Number with fair to excellent after moulding one hundred pieces = 58 Moulding: Weathering properties are very poor
Percent of moulded pieces with good to excellent = 28 Movement in Service: Weathering properties are very poor
Percent of moulded pieces with good to excellent = 28 Nailing: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult, Good nailing properties Planing: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult
The wood is reported to plane readily to yield a smooth and shiny finish. (Number of planed pieces without any machining defects out of one hundred = 51)
Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is permeable Response to hand tools: Responds well Sanding: Very poor sanding properties
Percent of sanded pieces with good to excellent results = 23
Veneering qualities: Suitable for slicing, There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits Steam bending: Very poor
Number of unbroken pieces after steam bending one hundred pieces = 29
Screwing: Easy to screw, Screwing yields good results; Turning: Very Good to Excellent Results
Painting: Very Good to Excellent; Polishing: Very Good to Excellent; Staining: Stains well;
Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. 0 Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. 1 Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium Hardness (side grain) = medium Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = large Shrinkage, Radial = large Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high Bending strength (MOR) = medium Banks, C.H. and J.P. Schoeman. 1963. Railway Sleeper and Crossing Timbers. Bulletin No. 41, Republic of South Africa. The Government Printer, Pretoria, South Africa.Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48Benitez Ramos, R. and J.L. Montesinos Lagos. 1988. Catalogo de Cien Especies Forestales de Honduras: Distribucion, Propiedades y Usos. Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Forestales (ESNACIFOR, Siguatepeque, Honduras.Bolza, E.,1976,Timber and Health,Div. Building Res. C.S.I.R.O. AustraliaBoone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Madison, WisconsinBrazier, J.D., Franklin, G.L.,1967,An Appraisal of the Wood Characteristics and Potential Uses of some,Nicaraguan Timbers,FAO for Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes RisboroughBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World: - No.7 North America,TRADAClifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. LondonClifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. LondonFarmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOForests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research EstablishmentGuyana Forestry Department,1971,Know Your Woods - Haiariballi (Alexa imperatricis,Forest Department, Guyana Forest Industries Newsletter 1(2,p1Harrar, E.S.,1942,Some Physical Properties of Modern Cabinet Woods 3. Directional and Volume,Shrinkage,Tropical Woods,9(71, pp26-32HMSO, 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, BuckinghamshireHoward, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingIsenberg (revised by M.L. Harder & L. Lounden, I.H.,1981,Pulpwoods of the United States and Canada,Institute of Paper Chemistry, WisconsinKaiser, J.Wood of the Month - American Red Gum:A Two Timber Species.Wood and Wood Products, September, 1992, Page 42.Kaiser, J.Wood of the Month:American Red Gum - A Two Timber Species.Wood & Wood Products, September, 1992.Page 42.Kaiser, J. 1989. Wood of the Month - Sweet gum: There for the Taking. Wood of the Month Annual, Supplement to Wood of the Month, Volume 1, Page 26.Little, E.L.1980.The Audobon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Western Region.Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.McElwee et al, R.L.,1970,Wood Characteristics of three Southern Hardwood Species and their,relationship to pulping properties,Tappi 53(10) pp1882-6Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressPennington, T.D., Sarukhan, J.,1968,Manual para la Identificacion de campo de los Principales Arboles,Tropicales de Mexico,Inst. Nac. Inv. For. MexicoRecord, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University PressRecord, S.J., Mell, C.D.,1924,Timbers of Tropical America,Yale Univ. PressRecord, S.J.,1927,Trees of Honduras,Tropical Woods,10, pp10-47Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. LondonTimber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionUSDA. 1987. Wood Handbook : Wood as an Engineering Material. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 72.Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Whk, J.H. van,1955,Physical and mechanical properties of the woods of Manilkara cuneifolia,and Baikiaea minor,Tropical Woods,No. 102,pp50-54Wolcott, G.N.,1940,A List of the Woods arranged according to their resistance to the attack,of,the 'Polilla', the Dry-wood Termite of the West Indies, Cryptotermes,brevis Walker,Caribbean Forester,1(4,PP1-10Wolcott, G.N.,1950,An Index to the Termite Resistance of Woods,Agricultural Experimental Station, University of Puerto Rico Bulletin,No.85 |
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