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Yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera)
Family: Magnoliaceae Common names: American tulipwood, American whitewood, Blue poplar, Canadian whitewood, Canary whitewood, Canary wood, Canoe wood, Green cypress, Hickory poplar, Poplar, Popple, Saddle tree, Saddletree, Tulip poplar, Tuliptree, Tulipwood, Virginian poplar, White poplar, Whitewood, Yellow poplar, Yellow-wood Distributed in: Canada, United States (North America) Distribution overview: Yellow-poplar grows throughout the Eastern United States from southern New England, west through southern Ontario and Michigan, south to Louisiana, then east to north-central Florida. It is most abundant and reaches its largest size in the valley of the Ohio River and on the mountain slopes of North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, and West Virginia. The Appalachian Mountains and adjacent Piedmont running south from Pennsylvania to Georgia contained 75 percent of all yellow-poplar growing stock in 1974. Yellow-poplar thrives on many soil types with various physical properties, chemical composition, and parent material. Within the major portion of the range of yellow-poplar, these soils fall in soil orders Inceptisols and Ultisols. Exceptionally good growth has been observed on alluvial soils bordering streams, on loam soils of mountain coves, on talus slopes below cliffs and bluffs, and on well-watered, gravelly soils. In general, where yellow-poplar grows naturally and well, the soils are moderately moist, well drained, and loose textured; it rarely does well in very wet or very dry situations. Common uses: Baskets, Bedroom suites, Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Casks, Chairs, Chests, Coffins, Concealed parts (Furniture), Cooperages, Core Stock, Decorative plywood, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Door, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Drawing boards, Drum sticks, Excelsior, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Food containers, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Marquetry, Millwork, Moldings, Musical instruments , Musical instruments, Musical instruments: piano, Office furniture, Organ pipes, Paneling , Paneling, Particleboard, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Pulp/Paper products, Pulpwood, Shingles, Sporting Goods, Toys, Turnery, Veneer Product sources: Yellow poplar is readily available in lumber and veneer form, and is priced in the inexpensive range. Environment profile: Vulnerable Tree size: Trunk diameter is 300-350 cm
Colors: the heart isWhite to cream, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodPink, White to yellow.The grain isWeak figure, the textureMediumand the lusterLustrous
Natural durability: Susceptible to insect attack, Very durable Odor: No specific smell or taste
LightInduced Color Change: Darker
Kiln Schedules: Drying (speed) is fast Kiln Drying Rate: Slow Drying Defects: Slight twist/warp, Splitting Ease of Drying: Slowly Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good The freshly cut wood is light yellow to brown, but it turns greenish upon exposure Blunting Effect: Moderate Boring: Good (75+ pieces out of 100 will yield good to excellent results) Carving: Very good results Cutting Resistance: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw Gluing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Mortising: good Moulding: Weathering properties are very poor Movement in Service: Weathering properties are very poor Nailing: Nails hold poorly, Pre-Boring Recommended Planing: Very Good to Excellent Resistance to Impregnation: Softwood can be easily treated Resistance to Splitting: Good Response to hand tools: Responds well Routing recessing: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult
Sanding: Very poor sanding properties Veneering qualities: No drying degrade. Dries flat without splitting, Suitable for peeling Steam bending: Poor to Very Poor Results
Screwing: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult, Pre-boring recommended; Turning: Good results
Painting: Very Good to Excellent; Polishing: Satisfactory; Staining: Very Good to Excellent; Varnishing: Very Good to Excellent;
Hardness (side grain) = very soft 1 Bending strength (MOR) = low 1 Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low 0 Work to Maximum Load = very low Max. crushing strength = low Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Max. crushing strength = medium Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = small Bending strength (MOR) = very low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Hardwoods - Temperate and Tropical. USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Brown, H.P. and Panshin, A.J.,1940,Commercial Timbers of the United States Their structure, identification,,properties and uses,McGraw-Hill, LondonBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World: - No.7 North America,TRADACalifornia Department of Forestry.Comparative Physical & Mechanical Properties of Western & Eastern Hardwoods.Prepared by Forest Products Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California.n/d.Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. LondonClifford, N.,1957,Timber Identification for the Builder and Architect,Leonard Hill (Books) LTD. LondonFarmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOHarrar, E.S.,1942,Some Physical Properties of Modern Cabinet Woods 3. Directional and Volume,Shrinkage,Tropical Woods,9(71, pp26-32HMSO, 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, BuckinghamshireHoward, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingJackson, A. and D. Day.1991.Good Wood Handbook - The Woodworker's Guide to Identifying, Selecting and Using the Right Wood.Betterway Publications, Cincinnati, Ohio.Kaiser, J.1990. Wood of the Month:Yellow poplar - The Forgiving Wood.Wood and Wood Products, June, 1990.Page 34.Kline, M. 1981. Liriodendron tulipifera - Yellow-poplar. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World. Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 211.Kloot, N.H., Bolza, E.,1961,Properties of Timbers Imported into Australia,C.S.I.R.O. Forest Products Division Technological Paper,No.12Kukachka, B.F.,1962,Characters of Some Imported Woods,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Foreign Wood Series,No.2242Little, E.L.1980.The Audobon Society Field Guide to North American Trees - Western Region.Published by Arthur A. Knopf, New York.Markwardt, L.J., Wilson, T.R.C.,1935,Strength and related properties of woods grown in the United States,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin,No.479Panshin, A.J. and C. deZeeuw. Textbook of Wood Technology. McGraw-Hill Series in Forest Resources. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressRecord, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University PressRendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. LondonStone, H.,1924,The Timbers of Commerce and their Identification,William Rider & Sons Ltd. LondonTimber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionU.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72USDA. 1987. Wood Handbook : Wood as an Engineering Material. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 72.Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.USDA. 1988. Dry Kiln Operators Manual, Preliminary Copy. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Vick, C.B.,1973,American Woods - Yellow Poplar,USDA, Forest Service american woods FS-272Wangaard, F.F., et al,1954,Properties and Uses of Tropical Woods 4,Tropical Woods,14(99, pp1-187Wolcott, G.N.,1950,An Index to the Termite Resistance of Woods,Agricultural Experimental Station, University of Puerto Rico Bulletin,No.85 |
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