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African walnut (Lovoa klaineana)
Family: Meliaceae Common names: Acajour noir, African walnut, Akoko igbo, Akwantanuro, Alona wood, Alonawood, Anamamula, Apetou, Apopo, Benin walnut, Bombolu, Boyo kandi, Brown mahogany, Congo wood, Congowood, Dibeton, Dibetou, Dilolo fiote, Dominguila, Dubini-bi, Dubini-biri, Dubinibiri, Epope, Eyan, Fuga, Ghana walnut, Golden walnut, Ipaki moindu, Kou-tue, Kwantannuro, Kwatanuro, Kwo, Lahutreble, Lifaki pembe, Lovoa wood, Lovoawood, M'bolo, Mbera, Moutchibanafe, Mpengua, Mukusu, N'zima, Nigerian golden walnut, Nigerian walnut, Noyer d'Afrique, Noyer de Gabon, Nvero, Ombolo, Pedua, Penkua, Pepedom, Perek, Pereko, Pereton, Rubini-biri, Sida, Te, Temamire, Tiger wood, Tigerwood, Timabiri, Urhearike, Voka voka, wesumei, Wombolu, Wosimei Distributed in: Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Zaire (Africa) Distribution overview: African walnut occurs in the deciduous and evergreen forests of tropical West Africa. It grows from Sierra Leone to Gabon, tends to be gregarious, and prefers moist sites. It is still available fairly abundantly in Ghana. Common uses: Boat building (general), Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Chairs, Decorative veneer, Flooring, Furniture , Furniture, Gunstocks, Heavy construction, Inlay work, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Light construction, Millwork, Moldings, Paneling , Paneling, Plywood, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Sporting Goods, Tables, Tool handles, Turnery, Vehicle parts, Veneer, Veneer: decorative Product sources: Although reports indicate that the species is environmentally secure and is unthreatened, it is unknown whether lumber and other wood products from the species are obtainable from environmentally responsible sources.The ITTO reports that the species is a regular source of timber. Export rate is given as frequent.Material entering the British market is usually in the form of short logs which often contain bore holes from attack by insects Environment profile: Little or no threat to its environment Tree size: The tree is reported to grow to a height of about 150 feet (45 m), with a trunk diameter of about 48 inches (1.2 m) above a short buttress. The bole is straight, cylindrical and tall, up to a maximum of 90 feet (27 m) to the lowest branch, with an average of about 75 feet (23 m)
Colors: the heart isPale brown, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodPinkish, White to yellow.The grain isWith distinct light and dark bands, the textureUniformand the lusterLustrous
The wood is highly lustrous, almost sparkling
Natural durability: Susceptible to marine borer attack, Very durable Odor: No distinct taste
A scent similar to that in the cedars is present
Kiln Schedules: Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is fairly rapid Kiln Drying Rate: Fairly rapid (11-17 days for boards under 32 mm, to 31-51 days for boards greater than 63 mm)
Drying Defects: Slight surface checking, Slight twist/warp Ease of Drying: Slowly Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good Blunting Effect: High to severe Boring: Fairly difficult to very difficult Carving: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult
Cutting Resistance: Easy to saw Gluing: Good gluing propeties Mortising: Responds well to mortising. Moulding: Good finishing Movement in Service: Good finishing Nailing: Easy to nail, Tends to split during nailing Planing: Planes to a satisfactory finish Resistance to Impregnation: Resistant sapwood Response to hand tools: Little dulling of cutting edges Routing recessing: Responds satisfactorily to recessing operations Sanding: Good sanding finish Veneering qualities: Suitable for peeling, Suitable for slicing Steam bending: Moderate
Screwing: Easy to screw
Screwing and screw-holding qualities are rated as good, but the wood may split
; Turning: Good results
Polishing: Satisfactory; Staining: Satisfactory staining properties;
Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. 0 Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low 0 Bending strength (MOR) = low 0 Max. crushing strength = medium 0 Hardness (side grain) = soft 0 Shrinkage, Radial = very small 0 Shrinkage, Radial = small 1 Bending strength (MOR) = medium Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Max. crushing strength = low Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large Hardness (side grain) = very soft Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Strength properties are about half-way between Obeche (Triplochiton scleroxylon ) and European beech (Fagus). The timber is of medium weight, has a pleasing look, and has moderate resistance to decay. Air-dry bending strength is moderate, crushing strength is in the high range. It is fairly hard, and density is high. It is used in the automobile industry for window and door trims Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48Banks, C.H.,1954,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with Particular Reference to those,grown in the Union of South Africa,Journal of the South African Forestry Association,No. 24 pp.44-65,[South,African Forestry Journal]Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1948,Dibetou (Lovoa triclisioides and Lovoa klaineana,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,No.5, pp41-44Bois et Forets des Tropiques,1978,Dibetou (Lovoa spp.,Bois et Forets des Tropiques,No.179,pp47-59Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers - the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building ResearchBolza, E.,1976,Timber and Health,Div. Building Res. C.S.I.R.O. AustraliaBond, C.W.,1950,Colonial Timbers,Sir Issac Pitman & Sons Ltd. LondonBoone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois and E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Woods: Temperate and Tropical. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Brown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse UniversityBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World No.1 Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesChalk, L.,1933,Twenty West African Timber Trees,Forest Trees and Timbers of the British Empire,Part 2Chichignoud, M., G. Deon, P. Detienne, B. Parant, and P. Vantomme. 1990. Tropical Timber Atlas of Latin America. Prepared for International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) by Centre Technique Forestier Tropical (CTFT, Division of CIRAD, 45bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France.Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Clifford, N.,1953,Commercial Hardwoods - Their Characteristics Identification and,Utilization,Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons Ltd. LondonCox, H.A.,1939,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes RisboroughEggeling, W.J., Harris, C.M.,1939,Fifteen Uganda Timbers,Forest Trees and Timbers of the British Empire, Imperial Forestry,Institute, Oxford,Part 4Erfurth, T., Rusche, H.,1976,The Marketing of Tropical Wood A. Wood Species from African Moist Forests,F.A.O. Forestry DepartmentFarmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1945,A Handbook of Empire Timbers,Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Forest Products ResearchForest Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1955,Kiln-Drying Schedules,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research Establishment Leaflet,No.42Forests Products Research Laboratory, U.K.,1956,A Handbook of Hardwoods,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Department of,Science and Industrial Research, Building Research EstablishmentFouarge, J., Gerard, G.,1964,Bois du Mayumbe,I.N.E.A.C. BelguimFouarge, J.,1970,Essais Physiques,Mecaniques et de Durabilite de Bois de la Republique,Democratique du Congo,I.N.E.A.C. Belgium Serie Technique,No.76Fougerousse, M., Deschamps, P.,1968,Essais de Resistance de quelques Bois Tropicaux aux Xylophages Marins dans,la,Port de la Pallice,C.T.F.T. Note Technique,No.7France - C.T.F.T./C.T.B.,1982,Guide pour le Choix des Essences Deroulables-pour la fabrication du,contreplaque,C.T.F.T./C.T.B. FranceFrance - C.T.F.T., No.277, Maiul - Symphonia globulifera,C.T.F.T. Information Tec.France - C.T.F.T.,1960,Resultats des observations et des essais effectues au CTFT sur le Bete,C.T.F.T. Information Technique, No.64France - C.T.F.T.,1961,Resultats des Observations et des Essais Effectues au CTFT sur Dibetou,C.T.F.T. Information Technique,No.113France - C.T.F.T.,1966,Bois Tropicaux,C.T.F.T. Publ.,12France - C.T.F.T.,1973,Investigations and Tests carried out on Tropical Timber by several,Research Laboratories,CTFTFrance - Comite Nacional des Bois Coloniaux,1931,Etude Physique et Mecanique des Bois Coloniaux,Assoc. Colonies-Sciences & Comite National des Bios Coloniaux, Paris,,FranceGhana - Timber Marketing Board,1969,Ghana Hardwoods,Timber Marketing BoardGutierrez Oliva, A., Plaza Pulgar, F.,1967,Caracteristicas fisico-mecanicas de las maderas Espanolas. (Physical and,mechanical properties of Spanish timbers.,Min.Agric./Dir.Gen Montes/Instituto Forestral de Investigaciones,y,Experiencias, Madrid pp102Harrar, E.S.,1942,Some Physical Properties of Modern Cabinet Woods 3. Directional and Volume,Shrinkage,Tropical Woods,9(71, pp26-32Hedin, L.,1930,Etude sur la Foret et les Bois du Cameroun,Haut-Commissaire de la CamerounHMSO. 1981. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.Hughes, J.F.,1971,The Principal Timber Trees of Cameroon,Unpublished dataI.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingIrvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. LondonJay, B.A.,1968,Timbers of West Africa,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesKeay, R.W.J.,1964,Nigerian Trees Vol.2,Nigeria Federal Department of Forest Research, IbadanKennedy, J.D.,1936,Forest Flora of Southern Nigeria,Government Printer LagosKinloch, D., Miller, W.A.,1949,Gold Coast Timbers,Govt. Printer Gold CoastKribbs, D.A. 1959. Commercial Foreign Woods on the American Market. Buckhout Lab., Dept. of Botany, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.Kryn, J.M., Forbes, E.W.,1959,The Woods of Liberia,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture,Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Report No. 2159Kukachka, B.F.,1970,Properties of Imported Tropical Woods,Forest Research Paper FPL 125Kunkel, G.,1965,The Trees of Liberia,German Forestry Mission to Liberia Report,No.3Lavers, G.M. 1967. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin, No. 50 (Spersedes Bulletin No. 45). Ministry of Technology, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.Lavers, G.M.,1983,The Strength Properties of Timber (3rd ed. revised Moore G.L.,Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, Building Research,Establishment Report (formerly Bulletin No.50)Lincoln, W.A. 1986. World Woods in Color. Linden Publishing Co. Inc. Fresno, California.Nairn, P.M., Editor. 1936. Wood Specimens - 100 Reproductions in Color -A Series of Selected Timbers Reproduced in Natural Color with Introduction and Annotations by H.A. Cox. The Nema Press, Proprietors of Wood, London.Organisation for European Economic Co-operation,1951,African Tropical Timber (Nomenclature, Description,OEECPatterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressPieters, A.,1977,Essences Forestieres du Zaire,R.U.G. Gent BelguimRendle, B.J.,1938,Commercial Mahoganies and Allied Timbers,Forest Products Research Laboratory, London Bulletin,No 18Rendle, B.J.,1969,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Ernest Benn Ltd. LondonSaint-Aubin, G. de,1963,La Foret du Gabon,CTFT Publ., No.21Sallenave, P.,1955,Proprietes Phyiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux de l'Union Francaise,C.T.F.TSallenave, P.,1964,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Premier Supplement,C.T.F.T. Publ.,no.23Savill, P.S., Fox, J.E.D.,1967,Trees of Sierra LeoneScott, M.H.,1950,Notes on the more Important African Timbers Imported into the Union with,Special Ref. to Port. E.A. Species,Journal of the South African Forestry Association,No.19,pp18-62,[South,African Forestry Journal]South African Lumber Millers Assoc.,1969,Notes on some Commercially Available Hardwoods,S.A.L.M.A. Timber Info. Centre Timber Technical Guide,No.1Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1956,Survey of African woods 1,Tropical Woods,115(105,pp 13-38Spalt, H.A., Stern, W.L.,1957,Survey of Africa Woods 3,Tropical Woods 16(107) pp92-128Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7Taylor, C.J.,1960,Synecology and Silviculture in Ghana,University College of Ghana Thomas Nelson and SonsTimber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.Titmuss, F.H. 1965. Commercial Timbers of the World. Third Edition (Enlarged of A Concise Encyclopedia of World Timbers). The Technical Press Ltd., London.Titmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionUganda Forest Department,1969,The Shrinkage of Some Ugandan Timbers,Uganda Forestry Department Timber Leaflet,No.47Uganda Forest Department,1972,Nkoba (Lovoa trichilioides,Uganda Forestry Department Timber Leaflet, No.51Unwin, A.H.,1920,West African Forests and Forestry,T. Fisher Unwin Ltd. LondonVoorhoeve, A.G.,1965,Liberian High Forest Trees,Centre for Agric. Publishing and Documentation, WageningenWCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing: Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center (WCMC, Plants Program, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.Wood, B., Calnan, D.,1976,Toxic Woods,British Journal of Dermat 94 Suppl. 13 |
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