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White cheesewood (Alstonia scholaris)
Family: Apocynaceae Common names: Agera, Aitonga, Aitonga kengeri, Alipaoen, Alstonia mergalang, Ampalai, Andaragan, Andauyan, Angar, Basong, Bengui, Bintang, Bintihung, Bita, Blackboard tree, Boava, Bomudu, Bua, Chaile, Chalain, Chatia, Chatian, Chatiana, Chatinn, Chatiun, Chatiyan, Chatni, Chattinn, Chatwan, Chhatian, Chhatiana, Chhatim, Dakan, Dalipaoen, Devil-tree, Dirita, Dita, Ditaa, Eda-kula, Elilaippalai, Erlila palei, Ezhilam-pala, Gabus, Gabusan, Gogodu, Gogudu, Goti, Hale, Hambaga, Hambara, Hange, Jelentik, Kadusale, Kamanglit, Kasidula, Kenumau, Kenummau, Kodale, Kubita, Kunumung, Lame, Lationj, Leleko, Lete, Lettok, Lingaru, Linog, Loi, Madale, Maiyanghkao, Manakat, Mantoti, Mergalang, Milkwood, Milkwood pine, Milky, Milky pine, Mo cua, Moi, Mudhol, Mukampala, Mukampalei, Mukkam palei, New Guinea cheesewood, Pala, Palimira alstonia, Pela, Pelai, Pelaik, Pelantan, Pelawai, Pera, Polay, Pulai, Pulai bukit, Pule, Puli, Purbo, Rita, Rukattana, Sambara, Saptaparni, Satiana, Satiani, Satiun, Satni, Sattni, Satwin, Scholar-tree, Setaka, Shaitan, Shaitan wood, Suala, Susu, Susuh, Taba'a, Takno, Talanggilala, Tamba, Tangovo, Tanovo, Taungmeok, Taungsaga, Tiengped, Tongkoya, Tuturan, White cheese wood, White cheesewood, Wodrase Distributed in: Australia, Bangladesh, Burma, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam (Oceania and S.E. Asia) Distribution overview: Wide occurrence in the Asia-Pacific region from India and Sri Lanka through mainland South-East Asia and southern China, throughout Malaysia to northern Australia and the Solomon Islands. Introduced to southern USA where it is grown as an ornamental. Tolerant of a variety of soils and habitats, it can be found as a small tree growing on coral or as a canopy species in inland primary or secondary forests. Most common in lowland coastal areas with annual rainfall of 1000-3800 mm but is found in up to 1000 m in altitude. Common uses: Boat building (general), Boat building, Boxes and crates, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Carvings, Chairs, Chests, Coffins, Concealed parts (Furniture), Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Domestic flooring, Drawer sides, Drawing boards, Excelsior, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Food containers, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Hatracks, Interior construction, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Lifeboats, Light construction, Living-room suites, Matches, Moldings, Office furniture, Paneling, Parquet flooring, Particleboard, Plywood corestock, Plywood, Poles, Pulp/Paper products, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rustic furniture, Shingles, Shipbuilding, Stairrails, Stairworks, Stools, Stringers, Sub-flooring, Tables , Turnery, Utility furniture, Vats, Veneer, Wardrobes Environment profile: Rare Tree size: Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm
Colors: the heart isYellow, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isWeak figure, the textureMedium to coarseand the lusterMedium
Natural durability: Susceptible to wood staining fungal attack, Vulnerable to attack by powder-post beetles Odor: No specific smell or taste
Kiln Schedules: Uk=H US=T10D4S/T8D3S Fr=7 Kiln Drying Rate: Rapid (<10 days for boards < 32 mm, to <30 days for boards >= 63 mm) Drying Defects: Slight surface checking, Splitting Ease of Drying: Variable results. Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good Starch commonly occurs throughout the cross-section of the living parenchyma, which occupies up to the center of large trunks. The wood exudes large quantities of the milky liquid and latex canals may affect the appearance of the timber Blunting Effect: There is some significant blunting effect on cutting tools Boring: Sharp cutting edges are required Carving: Good results Cutting Resistance: Low resistance to sawing Gluing: Moderate gluing properties Mortising: Very Good to Excellent Moulding: Very Good to Excellent Movement in Service: Very Good to Excellent Nailing: Pre-boring recommended, Tends to split during nailing Planing: Sharp surfaces are required Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is permeable Resistance to Splitting: Poor
Response to hand tools: Responds Readily Routing recessing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy Veneering qualities: Veneers easily, Veneers moderately easy Steam bending: Unsuitable
Screwing: Pre-boring recommended, Recommend pre-boring; Turning: Fairly Easy to Very Easy
Painting: Satisfactory; Polishing: Satisfactory; Staining: Staining (Characteristic) = coloured water-soluble extract;
Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. 0 Bending strength (MOR) = low 0 Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low 0 Max. crushing strength = low 0 Shrinkage, Tangential = very small 0 Shrinkage, Tangential = small 0 Shrinkage, Radial = small 0 Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low 0 Hardness (side grain) = very soft Shrinkage, Radial = very small Hardness (side grain) = soft Shrinkage, Volumetric = small Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 15-22 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = very low Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large Max. crushing strength (stiffness) = very low Audas, J.W.,Native Trees of Australia,Whitcombe & Tombs PTY. LtdBoas, I.H.,1947,The Commercial Timbers of Australia - Their Properties and Uses,Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, MelbourneBolza, E. and N. H. Kloot.1966.The Mechanical Properties of 81 New Guinea Timbers.Technological Paper No. 41.Division of Forest Products, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia.Bolza, E., Kloot, N.H.,1976,The Mechanical Properties of 81 New Guinea Timbers,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Building Res. Tec.Paper (2nd series) 11Bolza, E.,1975,Properties and Uses of 175 Timber Species from Papua New Guinea and West,Irian,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Building Research Report,no.34Bolza, E.,1981,The Mechanical properties of 33 Solomon Islands timbers,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Building Research. Technical Paper (2nd series) No.37Bourdillon, T.F.,1908,The Forest Trees of Travancore,Travancore Government PressBowers, E.A.,1977,Pressure Treatment Characteristics of 142 Commercially Important Timbers,from the South-West Pacific Region,CSIRO Div. Building Res. Technical Paper (2nd Series) No.13Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 4 South East Asia,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesBudgen, B.,1981,Shrinkage and density of some Australian and South-East Asian Timbers,C.S.I.R.O. Div. building Res. Tech Paper(2nd Series) No.38Burgess, P.F.,1966,Timbers of Sabah,Sabah Forest Record, no.6Cameron, S.,1945,Some Notes on Utilisation of Timbers in the South-West Pacific,New Zealand Journal of Forestry Volume 5(2) 117-127Cause, M.L., Et al,1974,The Nomenclature, Density and Lyctus - Susceptibility of Queensland,Timbers,Queensland Forestry Department Pamphlet 13Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Desch, H. E. 1957. Manual of Malayan Timbers - Volume I. Malayan Forest Records, No. 15. Malaya Publishing House Ltd., Singapore.Desch, H.E.,1954,Manual of Malayan Timbers (2 vols,Malayan Forest Records,no.15Eddowes, P.J. 1977. Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea - Their Properties and Uses. Forest Products Research Center, Office of Forests, Department of Primary Industry, Papua New Guinea.Eddowes, P.J.,1977,Commercial Timbers of Papua New Guinea: Their Properties and Uses,Hebano Press, Port Moresby, Papua New GuineaFlynn Jr., J.H. 1993. Alstonia scholaris - White cheesewood. In A Guide to Useful Woods of the World, Flynn Jr., J.H., Editor. King Philip Publishing Co., Portland, Maine. 1994. Page 36-37.Francis, W.D.,1951,Australian Rain-forest Trees,Commonwealth of Australia - Forestry and Timber BureauGamble, J.S.,1902,A Manual of Indian Timbers,Sampson Low, Marston & Co. LondonGriffiden, K.,1967,Mechanical, physical and other properties of some West Irian (New Guinea,wood species and their suitability for the wood working industries in the,Netherlands,Forest Products Research Institute, TNO, Delhi, NetherlandsHearne, D.A.,1975,Trees for Darwin and Northern Australia,Australian Government Publishing Service, CanberraHoward, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.I. Soerianegara and R.H.M.J. Lemmens (Editors,1993,Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5,(PROSEA, 1,Timber trees: Major commercial timbers,Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen 1993I.U.F.R.O.,1973,Veneer Species of the World,Assembled at F.P.L. Madison on behalf of I.U.F.R.O. Working Party on,Slicing and Veneer CuttingKeating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1Kraemer, J.H.,1951,Trees of the Western Pacific Region,West Lafayette, Indiana U.S.A.Lauricio, F. M., Bellosillo, S. B., The Mechanical and Related Properties of Philippine Woods, The Lumberman, 12(5):A-H.Limaye, V.D. 1954. Grouping of Indian Timbers and their Properties, Uses and Suitability. Indian Forest Records, New Series. Timber Mechanics, Vol. 1, No. 2, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India.Limaye, V.D. and B.R. Sen. 1956. Weights and Specific Gravities of Indian Woods. Indian Forest Records (New Series). Timber Mechanics. Volume 1 No. 4. Manager of Publications (Publisher, Delhi.Limaye, V.D.,1933,The Physical and Mechanical Properties of woods grown in India (Third,Interim Report on Project 1,Indian Forest Records,18(10,pp1-70Limaye, V.D.,1957,Grouping of Indian Timbers and Their Properties, Uses and Suitability.,Indian Forest Records (N.S. Timber Mechanics Vol.1 No.2)Martawijaya, A., Kadir, K., Kartasujana, I.,1986,Indonesian Wood Atlas. Vol.1.,Department of Forestry Agency for Forestry Research and Development.,Bogar-IndonesiaMcCombe, B.M.,1968,Trials of British Solomon Island species for plywood manufacture,C.S.I.R.O. Division of Forest Products Laboratory Report No.1Meniado, J.A., Et al,1976,Technical Information on Dita (Alstonia scholaris (L) R. Br.) Family:,Apocynacene,Foxpride Digest 5 pp53-8Menon, P.K.B.,1959,The wood anatomy of Malayan timbers: commercial timbers, 3. Light,hardwoods,Malaysian Forest Research Institute Kepong, Research Pamplet, No. 27.Mohammed Mohiuddin,1990,Wood Anatomy of six low density Hardwoods (Alstonia scholaris,,Anthocephalus chinensis, Bombax ceiba, Bombax insigne, Excoecaria,agallocha and Trewia nudiflora) of Bangladesh,Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, Chittagong, Bulletin 9 Wood Anatomy,SeriesNazma,1981,A handbook of Kerala Timbers,Kerala Forest Research Institute Research Report, No.9Oey Djoen Seng,1964,Specific gravity of Indonesian woods and its significance for practical,use,Communication No.1. Lembaga Penelitian Hasil Hutan, Bogor, IndonesiaPapua New Guinea Department of Forests,1972,New Horizons,Forestry in Papua New Guinea,Jacaranda Press PTY Ltd, BrisbanePearson, R.S., Brown, H.P.,1932,Commercial Timbers of India,Govt. Printer Calcutta,2 volsPleydell, G.J.,1970,Timbers of the British Solomon Islands,United Africa Company (Timber) Ltd, LondonReyes, L.J. 1938. Philippine Woods. Department of Agriculture and Commerce, Technical Bulletin 7, Commonwealth of the Philippines, Bureau of Printing, Manila.Reyes, L.J.,1938,Philippine Woods,Commonwealth of the Philippines Department of Agriculture and Commerce,Technical Bulletin,No.7Smythies, B.E.,1965,Common Sarawak Trees,Borneo Literature BureauSolomon Islands,1976,Solomon Islands Timbers - Major Species,For Div. Min. Nat. Resources, Honiara, Timber Booklet 1Tack, C.H.,1969,Uganda Timbers,Govt. Printer UgandaTewari, M.C., Jain, J.C.,1980,Utilization of Secondary Species,Journal of the National Building Organization 25(2) pp1-6Tropical Timber Information Center U.S.A.,1975,Alstonia Sp. (Apocynaceae,State Univ. New York TTIC Brief, No.22Wallis, N.K. 1956. Australian Timber Handbook. Sponsored by The Timber Development Association of Australia. Angus & Robertson, Ltd., 89 Castlereagh Street, Sydney, Australia.WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.Whitmore, T.C.,1966,Guide to the Forests of the British Solomon Islands,Oxford University Press |
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