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Belian
Belian (Madhuca utilis)

Family: Sapotaceae

Common names: Belian, Betis, Bitis, Seminai

Distributed in: Malaysia (Oceania and S.E. Asia)

Distribution overview: Madhuca species are found in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Indomalesia, and the Pacific Islands.

Common uses: Agricultural implements, Boat building (general), Bridge construction, Flooring: commercial heavy traffic, Furniture, Handles: general, Heavy construction, Joinery, Ladders, Light construction, Railroad ties, Sporting Goods, Tool handles, Turnery, Vehicle parts

Environment profile: Abundant/Secure

Tree size: Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm

Colors: the heart isRed, Reddish brownand the sapwoodPink, Red.The grain isWeak figure, the textureMediumand the lusterMedium

Natural durability: Susceptible to marine borer attack, Very durable

Kiln Schedules: Dry at a slow speed

Kiln Drying Rate: Naturally dries slowly

Drying Defects: Severe surface checking, Splitting

Ease of Drying: Thick Stock Requires Care

Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is buttressed

Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good

Blunting Effect: Moderate

Boring: Moderately easy

Carving: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Cutting Resistance: Gum-Up

Gluing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Mortising: Very Good to Excellent

Moulding: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Movement in Service: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Nailing: Pre-Boring Recommended, Very Good to Excellent

Planing: Planes well, to a good finish

Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is moderately resistant

Resistance to Splitting: Very Poor

Response to hand tools: Easy to Work

Routing recessing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Sanding: Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult

Veneering qualities: Difficult to veneer

Screwing: Pre-boring recommended, Very Good to Excellent Results; Turning: Poor results

Painting: Poor to Very Poor; Polishing: Very Good to Excellent; Staining: Finish is generally satisfactory ;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity
Density 849 kg/m3
Bending Strength 1083 1619 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 705 955 kg/cm2
Hardness 1333 kg
Impact Strength 101 cm
Shearing Strength kg/cm2
Stiffness 181 211 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage %
Radial Shrinkage 3 %
Weight 849 833 kg/m3
Maximum Load cm-kg/cm3
Toughness cm-kg
Static Bending kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 15409 23035 psi
Density 53 lbs/ft3
Hardness 2940 lbs
Impact Strength 40 inches
Maximum Crushing Strength 10035 13590 psi
Stiffness 2578 3011 1000 psi
Weight 53 52 lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage 3 %
Tangential Shrinkage 6 %

Density (dry weight) = 67-75 lbs/cu. ft.
Density (dry weight) = 61 - 67 lbs/cu. ft.
Shrinkage, Tangential = small
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very high
Max. crushing strength = very high
Shrinkage, Radial = moderate
Bending strength (MOR) = high
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium
Shrinkage, Tangential = very small
Shrinkage, Radial = very small
Shrinkage, Radial = small
Hardness (side grain) = very hard
Density (dry weight) = > 75 lbs/cu. ft.
Density (dry weight) = 53 - 60 lbs/cu. ft.
Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate
Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large
Bending strength (MOR) = very high

Brown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 4 South East Asia,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesBurgess, P.F.,1966,Timbers of Sabah,Sabah Forest Record, no.6Desch, H.E.,1954,Manual of Malayan Timbers (2 vols,Malayan Forest Records,no.15Foxworthy, F.W., Woolley, H.W.,1930,Durability of Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forest Record,No.8I. Soerianegara and R.H.M.J. Lemmens (Editors,1993,Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5,(PROSEA, 1,Timber trees: Major commercial timbers,Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen 1993Jackson, W.F.,1954,Report of a further series of laboratory tests to determine the resistance,to termite attack of certain Malayan commercial timbers,Malayan Forester 17(4) pp207-8Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1Lee, Y.H., et al,1974,Commercial Timbers of Peninsular Malaysia,Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Department of Forestry Peninsular Malaysia and,Malaysian Timber Industry BoardLee, Y.H., Lopez, D.T.,1968,The Machining Properties of some Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester,3,pp194-210Malayan Forester,1953,Research item - Report of laboratory tests to determine the resistance to,termite attack of certain Malayan commercial timbers,Malayan Forester 16(1) pp45-9Strugnell, E.J.,1931,Notes on woods for furniture making,Malaysian Forester 1 pp69-73Whitmore, T.C. (Ed.,1972,Tree Flora of Malaya A Manual for Foresters Volume 1,Forest Department Ministry of Agriculture and Lands Malaysia
*Come interpretare i dati (manleva su eventuali imprecisioni)