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Bera
Bera (Guaiacum officinale)

Family: Zygophyllaceae

Common names: Bera, Bois de gaiac, Bois de gayac, Bois sant, Brush-back trade, Congo cypress, Franzosenholz, Gaiac, Gaiac franc, Gaiac male, Gaugo jaune vert, Gois de gayae, Guaiacan, Guaiaco nero, Guaiacum wood, Guajacan, Guajak, Guajakholz, Guayacan, Guayacan blanco, Guayacan negro, Guayacan prieto, Guiacholz, Guiaco, Hoaxacan, Holy wood, Indian wood, Ironwood, Legno benedetto, Legno di guaiaco, Legno nefritico, Legno santo, Legnoguiaco, Lignum sanctum, Lignum sanctumholz, Lignum vitae, Palo santo, Pockenholts, Pockholz, Pokhout, Vera, Wayaca, Wood of life

Distributed in: Bahamas, Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guadelope [France], Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico [US], United States, Venezuela (Central America, Latin America, North America, Oceania and S.E. Asia)

Common uses: Bearings & bushings, Boat building (general), Fuelwood, Furniture, Golf club heads, Heavy construction, Marine construction, Mathematical instruments, Railroad ties, Shade rollers, Sporting Goods, Tables, Turnery

Environment profile: Abundant/Secure

Tree size: Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm

Colors: the heart isRed, Yellowand the sapwoodWhite to yellow, Yellow.The grain isVariable figure, the textureMedium

Natural durability: Susceptible to insect attack, Very durable

LightInduced Color Change: Darker

Kiln Schedules: Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is slow

Kiln Drying Rate: Slow (18-28 days for boards < 32 mm, to 52-84 days for boards >= 63 mm)

Drying Defects: Resin Exudation, Severe end splitting

Ease of Drying: Thick Stock Requires Care

Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good

Blunting Effect: High to severe

Boring: Fairly easy to very easy

Carving: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Cutting Resistance: Easy to saw

Gluing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Mortising: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Moulding: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Movement in Service: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Nailing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy, Poor to Very Poor

Planing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Resistance to Impregnation: Resistant sapwood

Response to hand tools: Responds Readily

Routing recessing: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Sanding: Fairly Easy to Very Easy

Steam bending: Very poor

Screwing: Fair to Good Results, Fairly Easy to Very Easy; Turning: Good results

Polishing: Very Good to Excellent; Staining: Very Good to Excellent;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity
Density 1105 kg/m3
Bending Strength 804 1248 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 521 741 kg/cm2
Hardness 1333 kg
Impact Strength cm
Shearing Strength 155 kg/cm2
Stiffness 140 161 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage %
Radial Shrinkage 5 %
Weight 1089 913 kg/m3
Maximum Load cm-kg/cm3
Toughness cm-kg
Static Bending kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 11442 17761 psi
Density 69 lbs/ft3
Hardness 2940 lbs
Maximum Crushing Strength 7422 10552 psi
Shearing Strength 2205 psi
Stiffness 1999 2304 1000 psi
Weight 68 57 lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage 5 %
Tangential Shrinkage 8 %

Density (dry weight) = >75 lbs/cu. ft 0
Max. crushing strength = high
Density (dry weight) = 67-75 lbs/cu. ft
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high
Hardness (side grain) = very hard
Bending strength (MOR) = medium
Bending strength (MOR) = high
Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate
Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large
Shrinkage, Radial = large
Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = medium
Max. crushing strength = very high

Berni, C.A., Bolza, E., Christensen, F.J.,1979,South American Timbers - The Characteristics, Properties and Uses of 190,Species,C.S.I.R.O Div. Building ResearchBolza, E.,1976,Timber and Health,Div. Building Res. C.S.I.R.O. AustraliaBrown, W.H.,1969,Properties and uses of Tropical hardwoods in the United Kingdom. Part 1,Nonstructural properties and uses.,Conference on Tropical hardwoods SC-5/TN-5, Syracuse UniversityBrown, W.H.,1978,Timbers of the World, No. 9 Central America and the Caribbean,TRADA, Red Booklet SeriesBrush, W.D.,1938,Foreign Woods - Lignumvitae (Guaiacum Species,United States Department of Agriculture, Forest ServiceChudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Farmer, R.H.,1972,Handbook of Hardwoods,HMSOFoster, E.L.P.,1944,Lignum vitae (With some remarks regarding Red Kutch,Indian Forester (70) 370-1Howard, A.L.,1948,A Manual of Timbers of the World.,Macmillan & Co. Ltd. London 3rd ed.Lamb, A.F.A., Wangaard, F.F.,1950,The Gluing Properties of certain Tropical American Woods,Yale Univ. School of Forestry Technical Report,4Little, E.L., Wadsworth, F.H.,1964,Common Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook,No.249Longwood, F.R.,1962,Commercial Timbers of the Caribbean,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook,No.207Marshall, R.C.,1934,Trees of Trinidad and Tobago,Government Printer Port of Spain TrinidadPatterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressRecord, S.J., Hess, R.W.,1943,Timbers of the New World,Yale University PressRecord, S.J.,1921,A Study of the Woods of the Zygophyllaceae with reference to the True,Lignum vitae of Commerce - its sources, properties, uses and substitutes,Yale University School of Forestry Bulletin,No.6Smith, E.E.,1954,The Forests of Cuba,Maria Moors Cabot Foundation,U.S.A. Publication, No. 2Swabey, C.,1941,The Principal Timbers of Jamaica,Department of Science and Agriculture Jamaica Bulletin No.29Takahashi, A.,1975,Compilation of data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part 2,Central and South America,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No.4Timber Development Association Ltd.,1955,World Timbers (3 Vols.,Timber Development Association Ltd.Timber Development Association,1943,Timber Leaflet no. 86 Lignum Vitae,TRADA Timber leafletTitmuss, F.H.,1965,Commercial Timbers of the World,Technical Press Ltd., London, 3rd editionU.S.D.A. Forest Service,1974,Wood Handbook,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Handbook,72Woods, R.P.,1949,Timbers of South America,TRADA, Red Booklet Series
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