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TualangTualang
Tualang (Koompassia excelsa)

Family: Leguminosae

Common names: GinooKayu rajaKayu rajahMangarisManggisMengarisMenggerisRaja kayuTapangTualangYuan

Distributed in: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand (Oceania and S.E. Asia)

Distribution overview: Southern Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, north-eastern Sumatra, Borneo and Palawan. Grows in primary tropical rainforest usually along rivers, in valleys and lower slopes of hills, locally abundant. A common but usually not very abundant species. Solitary trees standing alone in the open are encountered comparatively often because they are difficult to cut and because local people harvest honey from the tree crowns.

Common uses: Agricultural implements, Boat building (general), Building construction, Building materials, Cabin construction, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Chairs, Charcoal, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Construction, Crossties, Desks, Factory construction, Factory flooring, Flooring, Flooring: commercial heavy traffic, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Fuelwood, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Heavy construction, Mine timbers, Musical instruments, Musical instruments: strings, Paneling, Poles, Posts, Railroad ties, Rustic furniture, Shipbuilding, Sporting Goods, Stools, Structural work, Tables , Tables, Turnery, Utility furniture, Utility poles, Vehicle parts, Veneer: decorative, Walking sticks, Wardrobes

Environment profile: Likely rare in many parts of its natural habitat

Tree size: Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm

Colors: the heart isReddish brown, Yellow to golden-yellow to orangeand the sapwoodYellow, Yellow/Brown .The grain isStriped figure, the textureMedium coarse to coarseand the lusterSlightly lustrous

Natural durability: Susceptible to marine borer attack, Susceptible to termite attack

Odor: No specific smell or taste

Silica Content: Ilica Content Some sources report a silica content of 0.28% by weight (ovendry).

LightInduced Color Change: Darker

Kiln Schedules: Dry at a slow speed

Kiln Drying Rate: Drying rate is fairly rapid to fast

Drying Defects: Slight end splitting, Slight surface checking

Ease of Drying: Some tendency to warp and split

Tree Identification: Bole/stem form is straight

Comments: General finishing qualities are rated as good Logs are sinkers, and are reported to shatter frequently on falling because of their size. The tree is seldom harvested for timber because it is very heavy and develops very high buttresses. The wood also lacks natural durability, is difficult to work, and liable to split, factors which make it less desirable than other local timbers than can be used for similar purposes.Reaction with Metals - Moist wood is reported to stain black when it comes in contact with iron and iron compounds.

Blunting Effect: Timber requires special tipped cutters to saw

Boring: Moderately easy

Cutting Resistance: Easy to saw

Gluing: Difficult to glue Difficult to glue, especially with urea formaldehyde adhesives.

Mortising: Mortising characteristics are generally good although the wood is hard and tough

Moulding: Good finishing

Movement in Service: Good finishing

Nailing: Easy to nail, Holds nails well

Planing: Planes well, to a good finish

Resistance to Impregnation: Sapwood is permeable

Response to hand tools: Moderate working qualities

Veneering qualities: Suitable for peeling, Suitable for slicing

Screwing: Requires special screws since damp wood is reported to stain black in the presence of iron and iron compounds ; Turning: Poor results

Polishing: Satisfactory; Staining: Reacts with Iron to discolour wood;

  • Numerical data Metric
  • Numerical data English
  • Strength properties
  • References
Item Green Dry Metric
Specific Gravity 0,65 0,75
Density 865 kg/m3
Bending Strength 860 1145 kg/cm2
Crushing Strength 71 80 kg/cm2
Hardness 879 kg
Impact Strength 91 109 cm
Shearing Strength 164 kg/cm2
Stiffness 154 171 1000 kg/cm2
Tangential Shrinkage 7 %
Radial Shrinkage 45 %
Weight 849 817 kg/m3
Maximum Load 0,77 1,05 cm-kg/cm3
Toughness cm-kg
Static Bending 619 714 kg/cm2
Item Green Dry English
Bending Strength 12239 16287 psi
Crushing Strength 1024 1146 psi
Density 54 lbs/ft3
Hardness 1938 lbs
Impact Strength 36 43 inches
Maximum Crushing Strength 7209 9346 psi
Shearing Strength 2340 psi
Static Bending 8811 10169 psi
Stiffness 2194 2446 1000 psi
Work to Maximum Load 11 15 inch-lbs/in3
Specific Gravity 0.65 0.75
Weight 53 51 lbs/ft3
Radial Shrinkage 4.5 %
Tangential Shrinkage 7 %
Volumetric Shrinkage 12 %

Max. crushing strength = high
Density (dry weight) = 53 - 60 lbs/cu. ft.
Bending strength (MOR) = medium
Hardness (side grain) = hard
Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft.
Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = medium
Shrinkage, Tangential = very small
Shrinkage, Radial = very small
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low
Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate
Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large
Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very high
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high
Shrinkage, Tangential = small
Shrinkage, Tangential = large
Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large
Shrinkage, Radial = small
Shrinkage, Radial = moderate
Shrinkage, Radial = large
Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low
Max. crushing strength = medium
Hardness (side grain) = medium
Bending strength (MOR) = low
Bending strength (MOR) = high

Acosta-Solis, M.,1960,Maderas Economicas del Ecuador y sus Usos,Editorial Casa de la Culhra Ecuatoriana QuitoAustralia C.S.I.R.O.,1969,Treatment of sawn of round timbers by the Boulton Process,C.S.I.R.O. Preservation Section Annual Report Project pp10-32Balan Menon, P.K.,1967,The structure and identification of Malayan woods,Malyasia Forestry Department, Forestry Research Institute, Malayan Forest,Records,No.25Boone, R.S., C.J. Kozlik, P.J. Bois, E.M. Wengert. 1988. Dry Kiln Schedules for Commercial Hardwoods - Temperate and Tropical. USDA, Forest Service, General Technical Report FPL-GTR-57, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Browne, F.G.,1955,Forest Trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their Products.,Government Printing Office, Kuching, SarawakBurgess, P.F.,1966,Timbers of Sabah,Sabah Forest Record, no.6Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.Desch, H. E. 1957. Manual of Malayan Timbers - Volume I. Malayan Forest Records, No. 15. Malaya Publishing House Ltd., Singapore.Desch, H. E. 1957. Manual of Malayan Timbers. Malayan Forest Records, 28(30):315-318Desch, H.E.,1954,Manual of Malayan Timbers (2 vols,Malayan Forest Records,no.15I. Soerianegara and R.H.M.J. Lemmens (Editors,1993,Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5,(PROSEA, 1,Timber trees: Major commercial timbers,Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen 1993Jackson, W.F.,1957,The Durability of Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester,20,pp38-48Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1Kraemer, J.H.,1951,Trees of the Western Pacific Region,West Lafayette, Indiana U.S.A.Kribbs, D.A. 1959. Commercial Foreign Woods on the American Market. Buckhout Lab., Dept. of Botany, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.Lee, Y.H., Chu, Y.P.,1965,The Strength Properties of Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester 28(4) pp307-19Lee, Y.H., et al,1974,Commercial Timbers of Peninsular Malaysia,Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Department of Forestry Peninsular Malaysia and,Malaysian Timber Industry BoardLee, Y.H., Lopez, D.T.,1968,The Machining Properties of some Malayan Timbers,Malayan Forester,3,pp194-210Maeglin, R.R., C.K. Baah, G. Troemner, J.D. Danielson, and S.P. Loehnertz. 1989. Sawing of Difficult Species: Pre-project Study.PPR 14/89 (I). Prepared for ITTO by United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin.Malaysian Timber Industry Board,1986,100 Malaysian Timbers,The Malaysian Timber Industry BoardMendoza, E.U.,1977,Bending Properties of Manggis (Koompassia excelsa,Forpride Digest 6(1) pp42-47Patterson, D.,1988,Commercial Timbers of the World, 5th Edition,Gower Technical PressPerkasa,1978,The Properties of Sarawak timber - Tapang (Koompassia exelsa,Perkasa 25 pp12-13Reyes, L.J.,1938,Philippine Woods,Commonwealth of the Philippines Department of Agriculture and Commerce,Technical Bulletin,No.7Sarawak - Borneo Lit.Bureau,1961,Common Sarawak timbers,Borneo Lit. Bureau for Sarawak Forestry DepartmentSchneider, E.E. 1916. Commercial Woods of the Philippines: Their Preparation and Uses. Bulletin No. 14. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Forestry, Manila, Philippines.Tamolang, F.N., Et al,1978,Basic and Technological Information on Manggis (Koopassia excelsa [bece],Taub,Forpride Digest 7(4) pp19-33The Malayan Forester,1964,Timber tests - Tualang (Koompassia excelsa,Malayan Forester 27(3) pp267-271Tsumoto, T., Karasawa, H.,1975,The Properties of Tropical Woods 21,Government of Japan Forest Experimental Station Bulletin,No.227Uganda Forest Department,1957,Akasinsa (Celtis africana,Uganda Forestry Department Timber Leaflet,No.32WCMC. 1992. Conservation Status Listing - Trees and Timbers of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Center-Plants Programme, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.Whitmore, T.C. (Ed.,1972,Tree Flora of Malaya A Manual for Foresters Volume 1,Forest Department Ministry of Agriculture and Lands MalaysiaWood, B., Calnan, D.,1976,Toxic Woods,British Journal of Dermat 94 Suppl. 13
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